There are reports of children as young as 8 years old harvesting açaí berries in Brazil. Evidence of child labor was found in the city of Abaetuba, a major açaí berry production center in the state of Pará. Every year, the children and their families join in the harvest season from August to January. Most of the families in the region depend on the harvest as their main source of income. Reports and field research suggest that the children are considered extremely valuable to the harvest due to their physical build and natural dexterity, traits that make it easy for them to climb the tall, slender trunks of the açaí berries without breaking the trees. Picking acai berries is considered a very dangerous job in Brazil, requiring pickers to climb great heights, sometimes up to 20 meters. The children who harvest the açaí berries not only have to climb very tall trees, but they lack proper protective gear, carry large, serrated-blade knives in the back of their shorts, and are exposed to hot climates and environments. full of poisonous insects and other dangerous animals.
There are reports that children as young as seven are involved in the illegal mining of amber in Ukraine. Children from low-income families in the Polesia region of western Ukraine, including Rivne, Volhynia and Zhytomyr oblasts, are at particular risk of being involved in amber mining. For example, one human rights organization reports that thousands of schoolchildren mine amber and that their work is vital to the amber industry. According to news reports and local government officials, child labor in illegal amber mining is a systemic and growing problem. Amber mining creates large pits and children are at risk of injury when the pits collapse. Children involved in the illegal extraction of amber are also at risk of violence at the mining site.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 dedicate themselves to confectionery in El Salvador. According to the 2015 El Salvador Government Multiple Purpose Household Survey, a working child is considered to be involved in hazardous child labor if the child performs work that is hazardous under national law. The study estimates that 123,259 children ages 5 to 17 in El Salvador are involved in hazardous child labor, including the use of dangerous tools, carrying heavy loads, handling chemicals, working long shifts or night shifts, and exposure to dust, smoke, or extreme heat or humidity. Some 9,737 of these children, who do hazardous child labour, are involved in the production of cakes. The publication of this study demonstrates the commitment of the Government of El Salvador to the fight against child labor and recognizes that data collection is essential for the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence of children under the age of 14 making cakes in Pakistan. An analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018 considers all work done by children under the age of 14 to be child labour. Based on an analysis of the study, an estimated 15,404 child laborers produce cakes. Children who work in the bakery industry can face dangers, including long hours, carrying heavy loads, and exposure to extreme temperatures and toxic gases. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Pakistan's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children as young as 10 being forced to work in bamboo production in Burma. According to the ILO and NGOs, forced child labor is widespread, particularly in Karen, Shan and Arakan states, near military camps, where children account for up to 40 per cent of forced labor used in various activities, including bamboo production. Some of these children are sent by their families to carry out a military mission that forces all the households in a village to perform specific forced labor. Local officials and the army force villagers, including children, to cut bamboo for the military camps. Child forced laborers are not paid for their work and face physical violence or other punishment if they refuse to work.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 13 grow bananas in Brazil. The 2015 National Household Survey of the Brazilian government considers child labor all work done by children under 14 years of age. Based on an analysis of the study, an estimated 2,936 child laborers grow bananas. The ILO has found that children who work in agriculture are generally exposed to hazards that include long shifts, carrying heavy loads, use of dangerous tools, and exposure to the elements, physical harm, and chemicals such as pesticides. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing beans in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published the representative results of the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years and has not achieved or does such work. Is national legislation dangerous? The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 71,839 working children in rural Paraguay grow beans. Approximately 31,372 child laborers who grow beans are below the legal working age in Paraguay. Research shows that child labor also occurs in the cultivation of other bean varieties, such as habilla, butter bean, and feijao, and that more boys than girls are involved in child labor in bean production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of boys between the ages of 15 and 17 in Burma being forced to work in bean production. An NGO study documents children, but also adults, who are forced by the military to alternate between working year-round and planting and harvesting beans for the military camp. Local officials and the military enforce these work orders; Children cannot refuse to work, even if they are sick.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 14 are involved in cattle production in Cambodia. In Cambodia, cattle are used mainly for domestic consumption and agricultural purposes and are raised by about 1.4 million smallholder farmers located mainly in the Mekong River provinces, with a large concentration in the southern rice provinces. According to an analysis of the 2016 Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey, an estimated 59,693 children are involved in child labor in livestock production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Cambodian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 working in cattle ranching in Ecuador. According to the analysis of the 2019 Ecuador National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, an estimated 10,564 children under the minimum age to work in the meat industry are involved in child labor. The ILO has found that children tending livestock are generally at risk of potential health consequences, including kick injuries and infections from animal bites, as well as exposure to harmful bacteria. The publication of this study demonstrates the Ecuadorian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 8 and 17 raise cattle in Eswatini. Child labor in this sector is concentrated in the rural areas of Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini and Shiselweni. In 2018, the Government of Eswatini and the International Labor Organization published the results of the 2014 study on child labor in sheep farming in rural Eswatini. According to international standards on the minimum age for employment, children under the age of 15 are affected by child labour. The study estimates that 72,332 children under the age of 15 raise cattle. Children perform physically demanding herding tasks in grasslands and mountainous regions and are at risk of occupational injuries and illnesses from exposure to dangerous tools, insecticides, and herbicides. Children's injuries include fractures, dislocations and sprains, burns, frostbite, respiratory problems, skin problems, extreme fatigue, and snake bites. The publication of this study demonstrates the Eswatini government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 14 are involved in cattle herding in Ghana. According to an analysis by the Ghana Living Standards Survey, there are an estimated 10,049 child laborers involved in livestock farming. The ILO has stated that herding, tending and managing livestock can be considered hazardous work depending on the circumstances. Injuries caused by animals include biting, hitting, pushing, stomping, impaling, or trampling. Animals large and small do not have to be aggressive to seriously injure or even kill a child. Children rarely wear protective shoes or boots, putting them at higher risk for additional injuries and conditions, such as cuts, wounds, bruises, punctures, skin conditions, and infections. The disease can be transmitted through routine contact with animals, insects, pathogens in animal carcasses, and by working near stables and butcher shops. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Ghana's commitment to combating child labor and its recognition that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programmes.
There is evidence that children under the age of 14 keep cattle in Pakistan. An analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018 considers all work done by children under the age of 14 to be child labour. Based on a survey analysis, an estimated 31,516 child laborers raise livestock. The ILO has found that children who work in livestock are generally at risk of exposure to hazards including long hours, injury from animals, and exposure to the elements, diseases, and chemicals such as disinfectants. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Pakistan's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children in Bolivia being forced to harvest Brazil nuts. Forced child labor is known to occur in the Amazon region, particularly in Brazil nut production, and migrant workers are particularly at risk. According to international organizations, NGOs, and the US State Department, many children are forced into forced labor, often with their families. Entire families, including children, are often paid in advance for working in the harvest and fall further into debt during the harvest. Even after the harvest, families are prohibited from leaving the country until their debts are paid. Identity documents and wages are sometimes withheld to restrict movement.
There are reports of children being forced to work in brick making by the army in Burma. According to NGOs, forced child labor in brick making is widespread, especially in northern Rakhine State and near military camps. In some cases, children are conscripted into the army and forced to live in barracks and work in brick kilns for years. in other cases, children are sent in turn by their families to serve their military forced labor assignment for their home. The children are not paid for their work and face physical violence and other punishment if they refuse to work or do work that is deemed unacceptable.
There are reports of children being forced to make bricks in Cambodia. According to international investigators and NGOs, numerous cases of forced child labor have been reported in Cambodia. According to reports, more than 9.3 percent of stonemasons are children. Since brick kilns employ more than tens of thousands of people and brick kiln work is only casual, this number is likely to be higher. When adults cannot afford the high interest rates on oven owner loans and are forced to pass the outstanding debt on to their children, a vicious cycle of debt bondage occurs through generations. Children inherit or are born into debt bondage and are threatened with arrest or forced to pay additional debts if they try to leave the brickyard without paying their debts in full.
There are reports of children between the ages of 8 and 17 being forced to make bricks in China, particularly in Shanxi and Henan provinces. The victims come from Chinese provinces; Some children are forcibly kidnapped or trafficked and sold to work in brick kilns. Media reports and an investigation suggest that children are being forced into unpaid work under threats of physical violence, are being held against their will, being watched by guards and being denied adequate food.
There are reports of children being forced to work in brick kilns in India. According to the latest available information from a union report, there are up to 40,000 child laborers in Haryana state alone, many of whom are forced laborers. Forced labor in the brick industry is widespread in India, including Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. The furnaces use a system of forced labor where the children often work with other members of their indebted families. Some of these children have to work to guarantee loans to their parents. Families receive an advance from recruiters and then have to work to pay off the debt. Debt carries over from one year to the next, trapping the employee in a cycle of debt bondage. Children from the majority caste, a socially disadvantaged class in India, and from immigrant families are especially vulnerable to forced labour. Some children are forced to work under threats of physical violence. Some children and their families do not receive their wages regularly, do not receive promised wages, and are not allowed to leave the farm.
There are reports of children between the ages of 7 and 17 making stones in Iran. According to press reports, most of the brick kiln workers are Afghan immigrants whose children work alongside them in the summer months. There are reports of child labor in brick making in various parts of the country, including Tehran, Shahr-e Rey and Gorgan. For example, available data suggests that there are 25,000 brick kiln workers in Tehran province, and newspaper articles report that in one city in Tehran province, the majority of brick kiln workers are children who do not attend to school. According to Iranian news agencies, the children work in the brick kilns for more than eight hours a day and are exposed to injuries, dust and extreme heat.
There are reports of children aged 6-17 and some under 5 doing forced labor to make bricks in Nepal. According to information from an NGO report, two thirds of the children are boys. The brick kilns are located mainly in the Kathmandu Valley and Terai and operate seasonally between October and June. According to the latest NGO data, between 30,000 and 60,000 children work in Nepal's brick kilns, of whom up to 39 percent are forced laborers. Immigrant families, members of certain castes - a socially disadvantaged class in Nepal - and ethnic minorities such as Dalits, Janajati and Madeshi are particularly vulnerable to forced labor in brick kilns. Most of the children are from Nepal, but there are also some from West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, India. Many families apply for advance loans from employers or brick kiln brokers with the obligation to make a certain number of bricks and become forced laborers. Their children are tied to their parents' debts and work with their families to make bricks. Attached families live on blast furnace construction sites, have no access to potable water or sanitation, and are not allowed to leave the company until their debts are fully paid off. Some children are forced to work 12-hour days for little or no pay after wages are withheld to pay off family debts. Some children are punished by their employers with verbal or physical abuse.
There are reports that children in Pakistan are forced to work to make bricks. According to the latest data available from the media, the ILO and a university study, there are hundreds of thousands of these children across Pakistan. The brick industry uses a system of forced labor in which children often work from an early age with their families in debt. Since the debts are partly inherited, many children are born into forced labor. Under Pakistan's "Peshgis" system of slavery, families are not allowed out of the kilns and are forced, under threats of physical violence or death, to make quotas of 1,000 or more bricks a day. Stonemasons, including children, are forced to work without masks, goggles, gloves, shoes, or other safety gear.
There are reports that adults in Russia are forced to make bricks. Both men and women are exploited for forced labor in informal brick factories in the North Caucasus in Dagestan; However, the victims are mainly men who are looking for work and are hired in Moscow. According to a local NGO and media reports, hundreds of people have been forced to work in brick kilns. Recruiters in Moscow routinely drug and kidnap victims who are then sold to brick kiln owners in Dagestan. Other victims are recruited through deception about job location and expected wages. Victims and a local NGO report that factories often withhold all wages, sometimes confiscate workers' passports and mobile phones, and sometimes use physical violence, especially when workers try to leave the factory.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing cabbage in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 4,146 working children in rural Paraguay grow cabbage. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children being forced to make rugs in Nepal. Children up to 14 years of age are found in registered carpet factories, while children under 14 years of age are found in informal and unregistered carpet factories. Carpet factories are concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. Some children work alone or with their families as forced laborers in factories. Most of the children are not paid for their work. Some children work to pay advance payments for their work that the employer has made to the recruiter or to her family. These children live at the factory or nearby in houses provided by the employer. The children cannot leave until the debt is paid. Many of the children have to work long hours and work overtime, up to 18 hours a day; Many cannot leave the factory even after a long day at work. These children are punished by employers for refusing to work, breaking production quotas, falling asleep, or making mistakes.
There are reports of children as young as five being forced to work in carpet production, often as part of a forced labor system. According to reports from the ILO and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), up to half a million children have been forced to make rugs across the country. The children of immigrants, refugees and poor families are especially exposed to this practice. Typical of the Pakistani "Peshgis" system are the children who are often sent to work to pay off their family's debts. Families accept a loan in advance for a year of their child's work, and the child cannot leave work until the debt is paid off. The children live in the workplace, separated from their families and cannot leave the workplace. Some children are forced to work without equipment to protect them from toxic chemicals and dust. The children receive little money and food and lodging are deducted from their wages. Some kids are fined or hit for mistakes.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing carrots in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 4,877 working children in rural Paraguay grow carrots. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 grow cashew nuts in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were released in 2014, an estimated 14,469 child laborers are employed in cashew cultivation. Approximately 55.7 percent, or 8,059, of these child laborers are under the age of 15, the minimum working age in Vietnam. Of the 14,469 child laborers who grow cashews, 24.3% are between the ages of 5 and 11, 31.4% between the ages of 12 and 14, and 44.3% between the ages of 15 and 17. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 are engaged in animal husbandry in El Salvador. According to the 2015 El Salvador Government Multiple Purpose Household Survey, a working child is considered to be involved in hazardous child labor if the child performs work that is hazardous under national law. The study estimates that 123,259 children ages 5 to 17 in El Salvador are involved in hazardous child labor, including the use of dangerous tools, carrying heavy loads, handling chemicals, working long shifts or night shifts, and exposure to dust, smoke, or extreme heat or humidity. Approximately 3,698 of these children doing hazardous child labor are engaged in animal husbandry. The publication of this study demonstrates the commitment of the Government of El Salvador to the fight against child labor and recognizes that data collection is essential for the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children being involved in livestock activities in Kenya. According to US government and media reports, school-age children are taking on responsibilities related to the care and care of animals that often require them to travel long distances from home and miss school . Under Kenyan law, livestock farming is a dangerous work activity for children. Child involvement in livestock farming is widespread in Kenya, particularly in the arid northern regions of the country, including Busia, Kajiado and Marsabit counties, as well as Migori county in western Kenya.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 are involved in ranching in Mexico. Based on a 2017 analysis of the National Occupation and Employment Survey of Mexico – Child Labor Module, an estimated 18,501 children work in livestock. Under Mexican law, agricultural activities, including cattle raising, are considered dangerous occupations and are prohibited for children under 18 years of age. The publication of this study demonstrates the commitment of the Mexican government to address child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 raising cattle in Paraguay. National legislation designates animal husbandry as a dangerous and prohibited activity for children in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 142,127 working children raise cattle in rural Paraguay. Approximately 67,141 child laborers who raise cattle are below the legal working age in Paraguay. The study shows that more boys than girls do child labor in animal husbandry. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children, especially boys, being kidnapped and forced to herd cattle in South Sudan. Hundreds of kidnappings were reported, particularly in communities in Jonglei and Eastern Equatoria states. Children are abducted when rival tribes or ethnic groups invade communities to steal cattle and in other inter-ethnic or inter-tribal disputes; Some of these children were enslaved as cattle herders.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 are involved in grain production in El Salvador. According to the 2015 El Salvador Government Multiple Purpose Household Survey, a working child is considered to be involved in hazardous child labor if the child performs work that is hazardous under national law. The study estimates that 123,259 children ages 5 to 17 in El Salvador are involved in hazardous child labor, including the use of dangerous tools, carrying heavy loads, handling chemicals, working long shifts or night shifts, and exposure to dust, smoke, or extreme heat or humidity. Around 40,675 of these children do hazardous child labor and are involved in cereal production. The publication of this study demonstrates the commitment of the Government of El Salvador to the fight against child labor and recognizes that data collection is essential for the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of men and women in Mexico being forced to work in the production of chiles. According to reports by the media, NGOs, and the US State Department, there are hundreds of victims of forced labor growing chili peppers. Many of these victims report that they were recruited by middlemen, called enganchadores, who lie to workers about the nature and conditions of work, wages, hours of work, and quality of living conditions. The sources report that cases of forced labor have been identified in the production of chili, mainly in small and medium-sized farms, in states such as Baja California, Chihuahua, Jalisco and San Luis Potosí. According to available reports, indigenous farmworkers from the impoverished regions of central and southern Mexico are particularly vulnerable to forced labor in the agricultural sector due to their low educational level, language barriers, and discrimination. On the farms, some men and women work up to 15 hours a day under threat of dismissal and receive minimum wage or no wage at all. Some employees are reportedly being threatened with physical violence or physically assaulted because they are quitting their jobs. Workers also report living in overcrowded and unsanitary shelters without access to clean water, latrines, electricity and medical services. Some workers face mounting debt at company stores, which often drives up the prices of their products, forcing workers to buy supplies on credit and limiting their ability to leave farms.
There are reports of children as young as five being forced to work in coal mines in Balochistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the North West Frontier Province. Some of these children work as slave laborers; Under this arrangement, which is typical of Pakistan's "Peshgis" system, children work alongside or instead of other indebted family members. Children have to work without protective equipment. Their job is to blast and dig rocks to extract coal from deep, narrow shafts underground. The children are also forced to drive donkeys deep underground and out again to transport the mined coal.
There are reports of children as young as 11 being forced to plant, collect and scrape coca leaves in Colombia. The government, NGOs, the media and the ILO report that some children are forcibly recruited to collect coca by non-state armed groups such as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, the National Liberation Army and criminal groups. Others are coerced by drug dealers. Criminal and illegal armed groups use torture or death threats to prevent children from trying to escape.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 13 growing cacao in Brazil. In northern Brazil, children work with relatives to grow cacao. The ILO has found that children who work in agriculture are generally exposed to hazards that include long shifts, carrying heavy loads, use of dangerous tools, and exposure to the elements, physical harm, and chemicals such as pesticides. The 2015 National Household Survey of the Brazilian government considers child labor all work done by children under 14 years of age. According to a survey analysis, an estimated 2,597 child laborers farm cocoa. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There are reports of children from Côte d'Ivoire and migrant children from Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria and Togo being forced to work on cocoa plantations in Côte d'Ivoire. According to the latest available estimate from Tulane University, more than 4,000 children are forced to work in cocoa production in Côte d'Ivoire. Some children are sold by their parents to traffickers, others are kidnapped, and still others migrate voluntarily only to fall victim to traffickers who sell them to recruiters or farmers where they are forced to do forced labor. Some farmers buy off the children and do not allow them to leave the farm until the debt is paid. Children are often not paid for their work; Part of his salary is paid to the recruiter or trafficker. These children are held against their will on remote farms, locked in their homes at night and threatened and beaten if they try to escape. They are punished by their employers with physical abuse. They are forced to work long hours, including overtime, and are forced to work even when they are sick. Some children do not get enough food from their merchants and employers. Some children are forced to perform dangerous tasks, including carrying heavy loads, using machetes and sharp tools, and applying pesticides and fertilizers.
There are reports of children being forced to farm cocoa in Nigeria. The ILO, media reports and a scientific report indicate that children are being smuggled into cocoa production by middlemen and recruiters in Nigeria and from Burkina Faso. Children in the states of Cross River and Akwa Ibom in southeastern Nigeria are particularly at risk. Some children are sold to recruiters by their parents. Recruiters are paid to recruit children; Many children are not paid for their work. Some children have to work long hours, even in the hottest part of the day, putting them at significant risk of heat-related illness. Children are forced to perform dangerous tasks without protective equipment, such as handling sharp tools, carrying heavy loads, and handling pesticides.
There are reports of adults in Brazil forced to work in coffee production. According to media and NGO reports, cases of forced labor in the coffee sector are a recurring problem. A large number of these violations occur in the state of Minas Gerais, which is responsible for around 70 percent of the coffee produced in the country. Minas Gerais has more than 100,000 coffee plantations that employ an estimated 245,000 workers, most of whom work informally, increasing exploitation potential. Sources indicate that forced labor in coffee cultivation is widespread in the state. The middlemen, the so-called gatos, recruit workers from poorer neighboring countries and often lie about working conditions, wages, working hours and quality of life. According to surveys, workers have work days of up to 15 hours and are often paid less than the minimum wage. Scores of workers are reportedly living in unsafe and unsanitary accommodation, without access to drinking water and without adequate cooking and sanitary facilities. Some workers report falling into a spiral of debt, owing money to plantation owners for food, transportation to the plantation, and even the equipment they need during the harvest. The resulting debts prevent workers from leaving the coffee plantations. Many workers also fear punishment if they complain about poor working conditions or speak to outside sources about their working and living conditions. The work or identification papers of some employees were confiscated by the employer.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing coffee in Costa Rica. According to an analysis by an international organization of the Costa Rican government's 2011 National Household Survey (ENAHO), published in 2015, 8.8 percent of the country's working children, or approximately 1,422 children ages 5 to 14 , have performed child labor in the country. Coffee production made in Costa Rica. The ENAHO 2011 counts as child labor all work done by a child under 15 years of age. The analysis also shows that 5.2 percent of young workers between the ages of 15 and 17, that is, 1,625 youth, were also active in coffee production. The analysis found that 78 percent of children and youth affected by child labor in Costa Rica work with their families. While recent national surveys showed a 65% decline in the number of children ages 12-17 working in agriculture, from 13,866 in 2011 to 4,853 in 2015, these surveys do not indicate the number of children who are laborers. Child labor in the coffee industry. Data from the 2016 ENAHO, which included a module on child labor, is expected to be released in early 2017.
There are reports of children ages 14 to 17 and under being forced to work on coffee plantations in the Ivory Coast. According to a study, thousands of children are involved in this type of work. Some children are forcibly or fraudulently recruited and transported to coffee plantations in the Ivory Coast from neighboring countries such as Benin, Mali, Togo and Burkina Faso. These children are sold to human traffickers. Other children voluntarily leave their country or community of origin and then find themselves in situations where they do not receive a salary and do not have the opportunity to return home. Some children have to work for three or four years before they get paid or go home. Others are also forced to work when sick and prevented from leaving the plantations through threats of physical violence, withholding payments or denial of food.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing coffee in Vietnam. The results of the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, released in 2014, show that approximately 34,131 child laborers farm coffee. Some 36.7 percent or 12,526 of these child laborers are under the age of 15, the minimum working age in Vietnam. Of the estimated 34,131 working children who grow coffee, 9.2 percent are between 5 and 11 years old, 27.5 percent are between 12 and 14 years old, and 63.3 percent are between 15 and 17 years old. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 13 grow corn in Brazil. The ILO has found that children who work in agriculture are generally exposed to hazards that include long shifts, carrying heavy loads, use of dangerous tools, and exposure to the elements, physical harm, and chemicals such as pesticides. The 2015 National Household Survey of the Brazilian government considers child labor all work done by children under 14 years of age. According to an analysis of the study, an estimated 17,049 child laborers grow maize. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 grow maize in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that in rural Paraguay, 92,208 working children grow Tupi maize and 89,293 working children grow Chipá (Canarian) maize. Approximately 38,584 child growers of Tupi maize and 37,598 child growers of Chipá maize (Canarian corn) are under the legal working age in Paraguay. The study shows that more boys than girls do child labor in the cultivation of maize. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children between the ages of 6 and 17 being forced to farm cotton in Benin. Cotton is grown mainly in the north, for example in Banikoara. According to NGOs and international organizations, many of the children are trafficked or migrate to the area from other parts of the country or from Burkina Faso or Togo. Some children are lured to traffickers with false promises of working conditions or terms of employment. Some children work on annual contracts and are only allowed to leave at the end of the year. You are only paid at the end of the contract period, when the cotton has been sold. However, most children report that they have not received full payment and some do not receive payment at all. The children often live with their employer and do not receive enough to eat.
There are reports of children between the ages of 10 and 17 working at forced labor to produce cotton in Burkina Faso. According to a report by an NGO providing the latest available data for the eastern region of the country, it is estimated that up to 50 percent of all children over the age of 10 migrate or are trafficked during a year; Most work on cotton farms in Tapoa or Kompienga. Children from all over the country are also trafficked to work on cotton farms in Houet and Tuy provinces. Some children are forced to sow, weed and harvest cotton in dangerous conditions. Some operate under threats of abuse or payment withholding. Most live with their employer and do not have enough to eat. These children are lured by recruiters or human traffickers with false promises of payment or gifts such as a bicycle. The children work on a 12 or 17 month contract and are not allowed to return home until the end of the contract. They are not paid until the cotton has been sold and they have honored their contract, but most report not receiving their full payment and some receiving no payment at all.
There are reports of children being forced to pick cotton in China. According to reports from an NGO and the US government, children in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Gansu Province are mobilized to schools and forced to work during the autumn harvest according to provincial regulations. According to the latest estimates, between 40,000 and 1 million schoolchildren mobilize for the harvest each year from the third grade. Most of the children receive little or no wages after deducting meals, transportation, and school fees. These students must collect daily quotas of cotton or pay fines, and cotton harvest performance is evaluated to advance students to a higher level.
There are reports of children between the ages of 14 and 17, and some as young as 7, being forced to work during Tajikistan's annual cotton harvest. Monitoring teams discover several cases of forced mobilization in different districts of the country every year. In these cases, school officials mobilize the classes to work in the harvest and teachers supervise them in the fields. Some children are threatened with exams, grades and even expulsion from school because they refuse to work. Normally, after the lessons, the children are sent to the field. Farmers negotiate directly with schools to mobilize students to work, and schools can keep part or all of the children's wages. Some children have to pick a quota of 66 pounds of cotton a day.
There are reports of children, especially girls aged 6-14, being forced to grow hybrid cottonseed in India. Cottonseed production and forced labor on cottonseed farms are reportedly concentrated in the state of Andhra Pradesh. According to NGO reports, between 400,000 and 450,000 children work in hybrid cottonseed production, many as forced or slave laborers. Some of these children are tied to their employers and have to work to pay the advances to their parents. Some children are forced to work with toxic pesticides.
ILAB has reason to believe that a number of Indonesian-manufactured palm oil products are made using child and forced labor, particularly palm fruit harvested in Indonesia. These palm oil products include crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil, refined palm oil, refined palm kernel oil, and oleochemicals.
Indonesian palm fruit was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for child labor in 2010 and for forced labor in 2020. Indonesia produces the largest amount of palm fruit and palm oil in the world. In 2020, refined palm oil from Indonesia accounted for 55.26% of global imports. In 2020, the US sourced about 60 percent of its $1 billion worth of refined palm oil imports from Indonesia.
This research suggests that other products derived from palm fruit and palm oil can be produced, such as cooking oil, animal feed, bakery and bakery products, beverages, household and industrial products, cosmetic and personal care products, infant formula and biofuels. with inputs made with child and forced labor is produced.
ILAB has reason to believe that a number of Indonesian-manufactured palm oil products are made using child and forced labor, particularly palm fruit harvested in Indonesia. These palm oil products include crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil, refined palm oil, refined palm kernel oil, and oleochemicals.
Indonesian palm fruit was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for child labor in 2010 and for forced labor in 2020. Indonesia produces the largest amount of palm fruit and palm oil in the world. In 2020, refined palm oil from Indonesia accounted for 55.26% of global imports. In 2020, the US sourced about 60 percent of its $1 billion worth of refined palm oil imports from Indonesia.
This research suggests that more products derived from palm fruit and palm oil can be produced, such as cooking oil, animal feed, baked goods and baked goods, beverages, household and industrial products, cosmetic and personal care products, formula children and biofuels. with inputs involving children - and forced labor occurs.
There is evidence of children under the age of 14 making dairy products in Pakistan. An analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018 considers all work done by children under the age of 14 to be child labour. According to an analysis of the study, an estimated 81,375 working children produce dairy products. The ILO has found that children who work with farm animals are generally at risk of exposure to hazards including long working hours, animal injuries, and exposure to the elements, diseases, and chemicals such as disinfectants. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Pakistan's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children, mainly boys between the ages of 5 and 17, being forced to mine for diamonds in Sierra Leone. Diamond mines are concentrated in Koidu, Kenema and Kono districts in the Eastern Province. Some children are trafficked from the countryside to work in diamond mines or are sent by their families; These children are often recruited under deceptive conditions. Children are forced to work in the mines for long hours and without pay in dangerous conditions. Some children do not eat enough. In addition, some children of small-scale, independent artisanal diamond miners work with their families as servants and are in debt to diamond dealers.
In Bangladesh, children, mainly males between the ages of 5 and 17, are reported to be forced to work in the production of dried fish. According to the latest available government data, almost 1,900 children, or about 24 percent of children, who work in the dried seafood industry are forced to work. This forced child labor occurs in the coastal districts of Borguna, Patuakhali, Chittagong and Cox's Bazar in the Bay of Bengal, with Bagherhat having the highest proportion of children in forced labour. According to government documents, some children work as slaves, often in exchange for advance payments to their parents. These children are not allowed to leave the workplace and some are not allowed to have contact with their families. Some children are also forced to work under threats of physical violence and reduced wages.
There are reports that children between the ages of 13 and 15 in China are being forced to produce electronics. According to the latest available data from the media, crackdowns by the government and NGOs, hundreds of cases of forced child labor have been reported in factories in Guangdong province, but the children are usually from Henan provinces, Shanxi or Sichuan. In some cases, agreements between factories and the schools the children attend force children to work in electronics factories to pay supposed tuition fees. Forced labor programs are called student apprenticeships; However, the children report that they were forced to stay at work and not allowed to return home. Half of the students' salary goes directly to the schools, and the children receive a small allowance after deducting food and lodging. In other cases, recruiters kidnap or trick children, send them to Guangdong, and sell them to employers. Some children are held captive and forced to work long hours for little pay.
There is evidence that children under the age of 14 work in electronics manufacturing in Pakistan. According to an analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018, an estimated 23,521 children perform tasks related to electronics manufacturing. The ILO has found that children working in industries that require intense physical labor often miss the school day and are sometimes exposed to health risks from the elements, physical injury, and the use of dangerous tools. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Pakistan's commitment to tackling child labor and its recognition that data analysis is critical to the design and implementation of effective policies and programmes.
There are reports of children, many between the ages of 8 and 14, being forced to make decorated textiles in India. Some children work in a system of debt bondage. Most of the factories producing zari, a type of embroidery, are concentrated in Mumbai and Delhi, but many children are smuggled in from other places like Bihar. According to government raids and an NGO report, between 125,000 and 210,000 children work in embroidery workshops in Delhi and some 100,000 in workshops embroidering zari and other textile embellishments in Mumbai and elsewhere. Some children are forced to work under threats of physical violence. Some work long hours, even overtime, and are not paid for their work.
There are reports of children, mostly boys between the ages of 7 and 17, being forced to make ornamental textiles in Nepal. The factories are scattered throughout the Kathmandu Valley and concentrated in Thankot. Child laborers are mainly recruited in Sarlahi, Mohattari and Dhanusha districts. According to an investigation report, about 7,500 children are forced to do forced labor in this sector. Factory owners often recruit specific children on one- or two-year contracts and pay their parents an advance for the children's labor. Children are forced to work long hours without pay. At the end of the contract, the factory owner offers the parents an advance payment, after which the children return to the factory. In the case of the filiation contract, the children receive little or no salary after the first advance, since the salary is withheld from the return of the advance and the expenses of lodging and food are also withheld. These children live at work and the factories are often closed so that the children cannot go.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 13 fishing in Brazil. The ILO found that children who fish are often exposed to hazards, including long working hours, extreme temperatures and adverse weather conditions. The 2015 National Household Survey of the Brazilian government considers child labor all work done by children under 14 years of age. According to an analysis of the study, there are an estimated 12,325 child laborers in the fishing industry. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There are reports of adults being forced to work producing fish in the distant Chinese fishing fleet. With an estimated 3,000 fishing vessels, China's fleet is the largest in the world and includes a variety of vessels, from longliners to purse seiners, operating on the high seas and in foreign exclusive economic zones in all regions of the world. Most of the crew on board are migrant workers from Indonesia and the Philippines, who are at particular risk of forced labor. There are an estimated tens of thousands of workers, sometimes recruited by agencies that defraud workers with false information about their wages and contract terms, and require workers to pay recruitment fees and sign debt contracts. According to various sources, numerous cases of forced labor on Chinese fishing boats have been reported. On board ships, employee identification documents are often confiscated, crews spend months at sea without a port call, and are forced to work 18 to 22 hour days with little rest. Workers suffer from hunger and dehydration, live in degrading and unsanitary conditions, are subjected to physical and verbal abuse, are not allowed to leave ship or terminate their contract, and often do not receive promised wages.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 being forced to work in Ghanaian fisheries, catching mainly tilapia, but also fish such as mudfish, silverfish, catfish, tardi and electrofish. According to the latest data available from universities, NGOs, government raids and international organizations, hundreds of children in the Lake Volta region have been rescued from fishing, forcing them to perform tasks such as diving to untangle fishing nets from tree stumps. underwater. Children are often trafficked from the Volta, Central, Eastern or Ashanti regions to work in Tato and other communities around Lake Volta. Some of the children who have to work in the fisheries are in forced labor after being sold by their parents or sent with a contract of one to three years that promises that the parents will pay at agreed times. Children often receive little or no wages and have to work long hours. Children who are forced to work in fishing often live with their employers, where they are subjected to physical violence and lack of adequate food.
There are reports of adults, mostly men, being forced to work in fishing in Indonesia. Forced labor is common on fishing boats operating in Indonesian territorial waters, particularly around the remote island ports of Benjina and Ambon. Most of the exploited fishermen are Cambodian, Laotian and Burmese citizens. As of March 2015, the International Organization for Migration, in cooperation with the Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, identified around 1,500 new cases of human trafficking in the Indonesian fishing industry, and media sources reported about the rescue of more than 2,000 trafficked fishermen in 2015. They were reportedly killed by brokers who promised them jobs in other industries and forced or seduced them to work in their home countries on Thai fishing boats and then held them as a hand slave labor for up to 10 years. The fishermen are often locked in cells to prevent them from escaping. Some men were forced to fish for 20 to 22 hours a day with little or no pay, and were threatened and physically abused at sea.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 fishing in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 20,188 working children in rural Paraguay work in fishing. Of these children, 20,082 wield hooks or harpoons; 18,886 prepare bait; and 11,475 clean fish. Approximately 11,023 child laborers who work in fishing are below the legal working age in Paraguay. Research shows that more boys than girls are involved in child labor in the fishing industry. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of adults being forced to work in fish production in Taiwan's distant fishing fleet. Taiwan's fleet is the second largest in the world, with more than 1,100 fishing vessels, representing about 36 percent of the world's tuna longline fleet, operating on the high seas and in the Exclusive Economic Zones of more than 30 countries. An estimated 35,000 migrant workers are employed in the fleet. Most of these workers are hired by temporary employment agencies abroad, mainly from Indonesia and the Philippines. They sometimes mislead employees by misrepresenting their wages and contract terms, requiring them to pay recruitment fees and sign debt contracts. According to various sources, numerous cases of forced labor on fishing boats flying the Taiwanese flag have been reported. On board ships, workers' identity documents are often confiscated, crews spend months at sea without a port call, and are forced to work 18 to 22 hour days with little rest. Workers face starvation and dehydration, live in degrading and unsanitary conditions, are subjected to physical and verbal abuse, are not allowed to jump ship or terminate their contract, and often do not receive promised wages or receive improper deductions. of food and lodging. their salaries
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 are involved in fishing and fish processing in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were released in 2014, there are an estimated 49,390 child laborers employed in the fishing industry. About 90 percent of the children involved in child labor in the fishing industry are boys. Of the 49,390 child laborers who worked in fishing, 19,629 children worked more than 42 hours per week in fishing. In addition, of the total number of child laborers employed in fishing, 38,753 were involved in work that could be considered hazardous under national law. The National Child Labor Survey also shows that approximately 15,720 working children are involved in the production, processing and preservation of fish and fish products. Of the 15,270 child laborers involved in these jobs, 11,591 children worked more than 42 hours a week. In addition, of the total number of child laborers employed in the production, processing, and preservation of seafood, 13,230 were employed in jobs that could be considered hazardous. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports of children as young as 9 making shoes in Türkiye. Both boys and girls, including many from the Syrian refugee community, work in this sector. According to international organizations, NGOs and the media, there is credible evidence that the use of child labor in shoe production is widespread, including in key manufacturing areas such as Gaziantep and Istanbul. The children work long hours, some even reporting up to 12 hours a day, 6 days a week. Due to the long working hours, many child workers in this sector cannot go to school. Some child workers in this sector use hazardous chemicals, machinery and materials.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 make shoes in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were released in 2014, an estimated 9,756 child laborers work more than 42 hours a week in shoe production. About 2.2 percent, or 215, of the total number of child laborers who make shoes for more than 42 hours a week are between the ages of 12 and 14, while 97.8 percent, or 9,541, are between 15 and 17 years. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There is evidence that in Colombia children between the ages of 5 and 14 work in the collection and production of pome and stone fruits. Based on an analysis of the Great Household Survey of Colombia - Child Labor Module, it is estimated that 10,679 children under the minimum working age are involved in child labor in pome and stone fruits. The publication of this study demonstrates the Colombian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence of children under the age of 14 working in furniture production in Pakistan. According to an analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018, an estimated 25,789 children perform tasks related to furniture manufacturing, including collecting the raw materials needed to assemble traditional sofas and chairs. Children working in furniture manufacturing can be exposed to hazards, including hand-picking raw materials such as bamboo, reeds, and straw, and possible exposure to agricultural pesticides. The publication of the Labor Force Survey demonstrates the commitment of the Government of Pakistan to address child labor and recognizes that data analysis is essential for the design and implementation of effective policies and programmes.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 making furniture in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were released in 2014, an estimated 24,377 child laborers work in furniture manufacturing, including beds, cabinets, chairs, and tables. Almost three quarters of child laborers involved in this activity are boys. Of the 24,377 child laborers employed in furniture production, 13,670 children worked more than 42 hours a week in furniture production. In addition, of the total number of child laborers employed in furniture production, 21,873 were involved in work that could be considered hazardous under national law. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
Children in Bolivia are reportedly being forced to make clothes in informal workshops in the city of Buenos Aires and surrounding communities. According to the media, NGOs, and government officials, some Bolivian children are victims of fraudulent recruitment and human trafficking with false promises of decent working conditions and fair wages. In Argentina, these children have their freedom of movement restricted, their identity documents are confiscated, they live and work in closed factories and are too afraid to leave the factories due to the threat of imprisonment. Some end up in forced labor, owe transportation fees to Argentina and are not allowed to leave their jobs for years until the debts are paid through payroll deductions. These children are physically and verbally abused by their employers and receive only one meal a day. Some children have to work excessive hours, up to 20 hours a day.
There are reports of adults doing forced labor to make clothes in Bangladesh. Several studies have reported that ready-to-wear (RMG) workers are subjected to excessive work hours that exceed legal limits, mandatory overtime, and wage withholding. Additionally, employees are physically and verbally abused when they fail to meet targets. Women are often victims of physical and sexual abuse, even as punishment for not achieving their goals.
There are reports of children between the ages of 12 and 17, mostly girls, making clothes in Burma. According to international organizations and NGOs, child labor in the garment industry is concentrated in the state of Yangon. For example, investigations have shown that there are incidents of child labor in at least eight garment factories in the state of Yangon, and reports suggest that child labor still exists in the industry. Although the government has legislated restrictions on hours and types of work for children under the age of 18, there are reports that children work the same hours as adults and are at greater risk of abuse. There are reports of supervisors or shift supervisors physically punishing children when they make mistakes at work. Some children carry heavy bags and boxes and work long hours, sometimes 15-16 hours a day or 60 hours a week, late into the night. Factories are often poorly ventilated, with temperatures sometimes exceeding 100 degrees Fahrenheit.
There are reports of children being forced to make clothes in India, mostly between the ages of 8 and 17. According to the latest data from NGOs, up to 100,000 children are being forced to make clothes across the country. Recent reports suggest that forced child labor has shifted from factories to domestic manufacturing and from urban to suburban areas, especially in southern India. Dalit and caste children, a socially disadvantaged class in India, are particularly vulnerable to forced labor in this industry. Many children are trafficked for clothing, recruited under deceptive conditions, change employers without permission, and receive little or no pay for their work. Some children as young as five are recruited to work by paying a down payment to their parents, creating a situation of debt bondage that the child must work to repay. The children are isolated, often living at work and struggling with restricted freedom of movement. Some children are exposed to toxic dyes and chemicals without protective gear; and some have to work overtime even when sick. Some children are punished and threatened with verbal and physical abuse and fines, and some are regularly deprived of food, water and sleep. Children are forced to perform tasks such as sewing, coloring, cutting, sewing on buttons and embellishing clothes.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 14 work in the production of clothing in Mexico. Based on an analysis of the National Occupation and Employment Survey of Mexico 2017 – Child Labor Module, an estimated 17,826 children work in the production of clothing. The research shows that most of the children and young people who work in garment manufacturing are in the states of Puebla and Guanajuato. Other sources report that cases of child labor in clothing manufacturing have been identified in Puebla. The publication of this study demonstrates the Mexican government's commitment to combating child labor and its recognition that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children under the age of 14 work in garment production in Pakistan. According to an analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018, an estimated 166,398 children are involved in child labor in garment manufacturing. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Pakistan's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
Girls over the age of 11 in Thailand are reportedly forced mainly to make clothes. Migrant children from Laos and Burma are particularly at risk. The ILO, the media, unions, government crackdowns and NGOs denounce forced child labor in Bangkok's garment factories and along the Burmese border in Mae Sai and Mae Sot. Many children live in the workplace and their freedom of movement is sometimes restricted by the confiscation of identity documents and threats of arrest. Children are often forced to work long hours and overtime, receiving little or no pay. Some do not get enough food and are physically abused. Mistakes at work are sometimes punishable by deductions from wages.
There are reports of children as young as 10 making clothes in Türkiye. Both boys and girls, including many from the Syrian refugee community, work in this sector. According to international organizations, NGOs, and the media, there is credible evidence of the use of child labor in small and medium-sized garment manufacturers in several cities across the country, including Gaziantep, Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir. The children work long hours, some reporting up to 15 hours a day, six days a week, and earn exceptionally low wages. Due to the long working hours, many child workers in this sector cannot go to school. According to reports, working conditions in the garment industry are often poor, with crowded, informal workplaces lacking proper ventilation and high temperatures in summer.
There are reports of children between the ages of 10 and 18, and some as young as 6, working under forced labor conditions to make clothes in Vietnam. The latest available information from government raids, NGOs and media reports suggest that groups of children are found in small private factories and informal workplaces. These jobs are mainly in and around Ho Chi Minh City; However, many of these children have immigrated or been trafficked from rural areas and from central or northern counties. Many of the children live in the factories; Employers prevent children from leaving children through violence and/or withholding their wages. In some cases, employers pay children only after a full year of work or after entering into a multi-year contract. Employers refuse to pay children who leave before the end of the contract; Some withhold part of the contract wages to force the children to stay another year. Children have to work long hours, up to 18 hours a day, sometimes late into the night, with few breaks. These children are reportedly beaten or threatened with physical violence by their employers. In addition, there are reports of children as young as 12 working while incarcerated in government-run prisons. These children are forced to sew clothes under the threat of corporal or other punishment and without remuneration.
There are reports of glove factories forcibly training and employing between 1,500 and 2,000 adult ethnic minority workers with government support. Testimonies from victims, the media and think tanks report that factories, including glove factories, often engage in forced recruitment; restrict the freedom of movement and communication of employees; and subjecting employees to constant surveillance, retaliation for religious beliefs, exclusion from the community and social life, and isolation. Reports also point to low wages, compulsory Mandarin classes, ideological indoctrination and poor living conditions. In some cases, the workers were tortured. More generally, according to various estimates, at least 100,000 to hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslim minorities in China are subjected to forced labor after their detention in re-education camps. Furthermore, poor rural workers may be subject to coercion even without imprisonment. The workers are being housed in factories in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where the camps are located, or transferred from Xinjiang to factories in eastern China.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 raise goats in Paraguay. In 2016, the Paraguayan government published the results of the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey, a representative survey of rural children's work. The study assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is under 14 years of age or if the child is doing work that is hazardous under national law. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 8,584 working children raise goats in rural Paraguay. Approximately 4,714 child laborers who raise goats are below the legal working age in Paraguay. The study shows that more boys than girls do child labor raising goats. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children being forced to mine for gold in the Sahel region of Burkina Faso. According to an ILO report using the latest available data, in the combined Sahel regions of Burkina Faso and Niger, up to 30-50 percent of gold miners are children; Most are under 15 years of age and some are forced to do forced labor. Some children from all over the country are trafficked to mines in the provinces of Ioba, Oudalan, Passore and Sissili. These children work in small informal mines in remote rural areas and usually seasonally. The boys, starting between the ages of 12 and 14, are forced to dig, break rocks, transport, pan and grind the gold in dangerous conditions, including working underground in narrow shafts. These children receive little or no wages, and many receive deductions from wages for room and board.
There are reports of children being involved in gold mining in eastern Cameroon. The children often mine with their families in artisanal mines and are reportedly between the ages of 10 and 17. Sometimes the children themselves search for gold to sell on the black market. Evidence of child labor was found in Batouri and Kambele, near the border with the Central African Republic. Thousands of children reportedly work in artisanal gold mining in Kambele, while in nearby Batouri around 90 percent of children work in gold mining. Children mine in dangerous conditions, e.g. B. standing in standing water, working underground, and dusting gold with mercury. Many children drop out of school to work in gold mining, and according to a report, more than 75 percent of students in one school dropped out to work in gold mining.
There are reports that children between the ages of 10 and 16 are being forced to work in gold production in some mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to the latest available intelligence from NGOs, thousands of children are forced to work in mines in eastern Congo, especially in North and South Kivu. Some children are forced to work in the mines with their families, while other children are sent to the mines by their parents to pay off family debts. Mining children receive little or no wages. Many mines are controlled by the military or armed groups that force children to work. Some children are kidnapped to work in the mines.
There are reports of children as young as 12 producing gold in Kenya. Children are reportedly working in artisanal and small-scale mining operations in western Kenya. Local government officials estimate that 8,000 children work at informal gold mining sites in Migori County, while other media and NGO reports document widespread cases of children being involved in mining activities related to gold production across the west. from Kenya. In many cases, children drop out of school to work in the gold mines. Children are involved in dangerous work, including pick driving, underground work, and carrying heavy loads. In some cases, children who work in gold mines have been trapped in collapsed mines, suffocated or exposed to mercury.
There are reports of children as young as eight years old mining for gold in Nigeria. This practice is particularly widespread in the state of Zamfara, which has significant gold deposits. Media reports that hundreds of children in Nigeria are working in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), causing them to drop out of school. Due to its non-mechanical nature, ASGM involves physically demanding work and often poses many health and safety hazards in the workplace. Children dig tunnels hundreds of meters underground with their bare hands and tools, without any protective equipment. There is an additional risk to the health of children during the processing phase when handling mercury, a highly toxic substance used to extract gold from ores. When crushing ore to extract gold, children are exposed to dust that contains lead. This exposure can lead to acute lead poisoning, and in May 2015 the government announced that 28 children had died of lead poisoning as a result of illegal gold mining in Nigeria.
There are reports of children as young as seven years old mining for gold in Uganda. This practice is particularly common in eastern Uganda and the north-eastern region of Karamoja, where children often work alongside family members. According to international organizations and the media, thousands of children drop out of school to work in ASGM. One study found that around 1,000 children worked in gold mines in central Uganda. Children work in the mines in dangerous conditions, collecting earth from deep, open pits. Children pan for gold in riverbeds, process gold ore with toxic mercury, and haul water long distances to sift and wash sediment.
There are reports of adults being forced into gold mining in Venezuela. The investigation suggests that forced labor occurs in the Orinoco Mining Arc, a strip of land in southern Venezuela's Bolívar state where most of Venezuela's gold is concentrated. It is estimated that there are between 300,000 and 500,000 seekers in Venezuela. The mines are largely operated by armed and violent criminal groups, and investigations show that Venezuelan government officials, including members of the security forces and local authorities, have colluded with non-state armed groups and allowed them to commit abuses and human rights violations. labor abuse. Miners face unsafe working conditions, unsafe and degrading living conditions, blackmail and financial penalties, restricted freedom of communication, and threats of violence and torture.
Children as young as eight are reportedly working in gold production in Zimbabwe. Child labor occurs at unregulated artisanal and small-scale gold mining sites, including riverbeds in Mudzi and Mazowe. Sources estimate that thousands of children work on gold mining sites, performing a variety of jobs including panning and sifting gold in riverbeds, digging and drilling in mines, and collecting and transporting gold ore. Children gold mining in Zimbabwe work in hot climates, lack proper protective equipment and are exposed to dangerous chemicals such as mercury. According to NGO reports, at least two children died when a mine shaft collapsed.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 working in granite quarries in Burkina Faso. These children are mainly found in the granite quarries of Pissy and Yagma, on the outskirts of the capital, Ouagadougou. According to Burkina Faso government officials, NGOs, and the US State Department, numerous cases of child labor have been reported in these granite quarries, including hundreds of children working at the Pissy quarry, and NGOs report that the problem is increasing. The children work for hours breaking large rocks by hand and carrying heavy loads of dirt, rocks and gravel. Children in granite quarries are at high risk of injury and are exposed to large amounts of dust and fumes that can cause respiratory illness. Some children are also physically abused in the quarries.
There are reports of children, mainly boys between the ages of 4 and 17, being forced to work in granite quarries in Nigeria. Some children are kidnapped and trafficked from Nigeria and Benin to work in granite quarries and mines in the Federal Capital Territory, Ebonyi, Enugu, Ogun, Oyo and Osun states. According to United Nations (UN) and media reports, between 5,000 and 6,000 children in Benin alone have been forced to work in the granite quarries; Various government rescue operations have found that between 50 and 200 children were involved in this work at any given time. Children have to work up to 16 hours a day, even when they are sick. Many are forced to work under threats of physical violence. Children are often forced to sleep in the open and denied food. Children are reportedly often killed on the job because they are forced to work in extreme conditions.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 14 work in the harvest and production of wine in Colombia. Based on an analysis of the Great Household Survey of Colombia - Child Labor Module, it is estimated that 31,834 children under the minimum working age are involved in child labor in grape harvest and production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Colombian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children, mostly children as young as four, being forced to dig and process gravel in Nigeria. According to media reports and government raids, 5,000 Nigerian and Beninese children are working in forced gravel production in Nigeria. Children are trafficked from Benin and forced to work in gravel quarries in Ogun, Osun and Oyo states for an average of six years. An NGO investigation found that hundreds of children from Benin's Zou province were trafficked to work in gravel production; Other reports indicate that hundreds of children were rescued from this forced labor and taken back to other areas of Benin. These children are forced to work excessive hours and sleep in the bushes near the wells. They are threatened with physical violence and tortured by the work gang leaders, especially if they do not meet their daily work quotas. Children have to work in extreme, sometimes deadly conditions.
There are reports of thousands of adult ethnic minority workers being forced to work in factories that make hair products, such as wigs. China produces more than 80 percent of the world's hair products and is the world's largest exporter of these products. Testimonies from victims, the media and think tanks report that factories, including hair product factories, often engage in forced recruitment; restrict the freedom of movement and communication of employees; and subjecting employees to constant surveillance, retaliation for religious beliefs, exclusion from the community and social life, and isolation. In addition, workers in these factories may fall victim to regular government propaganda, extremely long hours, and little or no pay. More generally, according to various estimates, at least 100,000 to hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslim minorities in China are subjected to forced labor after their detention in re-education camps. Furthermore, poor rural workers may be subject to coercion even without imprisonment. The workers may be sent to factories in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where the camps are located, or transferred from Xinjiang to factories in eastern China.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 13 raise pigs in Brazil. The ILO has found that children tending livestock are generally at risk of potential health consequences, including kick injuries and infections from animal bites, as well as exposure to harmful bacteria. The 2015 National Household Survey of the Brazilian government considers child labor all work done by children under 14 years of age. According to an analysis of the study, an estimated 5,896 working children raise pigs. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There have been reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 working on pig farms in Ecuador. According to the analysis of the 2019 Ecuador National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, an estimated 5,218 children under the minimum age to work in pig farming are involved in child labor. The ILO has found that children tending livestock are generally at risk of potential health consequences, including kick injuries and infections from animal bites, as well as exposure to harmful bacteria. The publication of this study demonstrates the Ecuadorian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 raise pigs in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 199,333 working children raise pigs in Paraguay. Approximately 120,414 child laborers who raise pigs are below the legal working age in Paraguay. The study shows that more boys than girls do child labor in pig farming. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children from 8 to 17 years oldkhatin Ethiopia. According to a 2017 study, it is between 50 and 70 percentkhatThe workers in the town of Chuko, Wondo Genet, and Aweday, in East Hararge, are children. Sources estimate that 5,000 children at Aweday are linked to the industry, around 2,000 of them under the age of 15.khat(you eat catfish) is legal in Ethiopia, the plant releases two highly addictive central nervous system stimulants, cathinone and cathine, whose acute and long-term neurological effects includekhatinduced psychosis. children involvedkhatWhen cultivating, pruning, and bunching, exposure to plant exudates can lead to drug addiction. In addition, working children cannot go to school and work until late at night.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 making leather in Vietnam. The results of the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, released in 2014, show that approximately 1,426 child laborers work in the leather industry, mainly in the tanning and pre-processing stages and dyeing of animal skins. About 74 percent of the children doing child labor in leather production are girls. Of the 1,426 child workers who make leather, approximately 580 are between the ages of 12 and 14 and 846 between the ages of 15 and 17. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 14 work in the production of leather goods in Mexico. Based on an analysis of the 2017 National Occupation and Employment Survey of Mexico – Child Labor Module, an estimated 5,594 children work in the manufacture of leather goods. The publication of this study demonstrates the Mexican government's commitment to combating child labor and its recognition that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing lettuce in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 9,397 working children in rural Paraguay grow lettuce. Approximately 5,915 child laborers who grow lettuce are below the legal working age in Paraguay. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
ILAB has reason to believe that China-made lithium-ion batteries are made using child labor, specifically cobalt ore mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Cobalt ore from the Democratic Republic of the Congo was included in the 2009 ILAB list of goods made with child labor or forced labor for child labor. Cobalt is used in the manufacture of almost all lithium ion batteries.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo produces most of the world's cobalt. Most of the cobalt-producing mines in the DRC are owned or financed by Chinese companies. In 2020, China imported $2.17 billion worth of cobalt from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Between 49 and 80 percent of the refined cobalt imported from China is used to make battery components and chemicals. According to reports, global imports of lithium-ion batteries from China exceeded 16.5 billion US dollars in 2020. Of the 4.3 billion US dollars worth of lithium-ion batteries imported into the United States in 2020, 47.22 % (2.1 billion USD) was imported from China.
This research suggests that other intermediate products containing lithium-ion batteries could be made with child labor inputs, such as electric cars, laptop computers, and mobile phones.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing cassava/cassava in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 159,167 child laborers in rural Paraguay cultivate cassava/cassava. Approximately 71,932 child laborers growing cassava/cassava are below the legal working age in Paraguay. Research shows that more boys than girls are involved in child labor in cassava/cassava production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing melons in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that in rural Paraguay, 8,879 working children grow watermelons and 5,292 working children grow melons. Approximately 4,879 child laborers who grow watermelons in Paraguay are below the legal working age. Research shows that more boys than girls are involved in child labor in the production of watermelons and melons. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There have been reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 collecting mica from abandoned mines, mainly in illegal mining operations in India. Children are mostly found mining in the main mica-producing states of Bihar, Jharkhand and Rajasthan, often instead of going to school. NGOs and the media have documented hundreds of children working in mica in these states. The boys' tasks reportedly include breaking rocks to extract the minerals, transporting loads of rocks, and sorting and separating the mica from other mined minerals. According to press reports and interviews, the inhalation of mica dust by children has contributed to respiratory diseases. Children are also reportedly exposed to other health and safety hazards, which can lead to injuries such as scorpion bites and broken bones, or in some cases even death in poorly maintained and unregulated mine shafts.
There have been reports of children between the ages of 3 and 17 producing mica in Madagascar, mainly in the southern provinces of Androy, Anosy and Ihorombe. According to a study published in 2019, 10,800 children are involved in mining and sorting mica. Teenage boys dig mines and risk injury from falling rock when they extract mica from underground with sharp tools without protective gear. Both boys and girls work long hours with heavy loads in the sun and are exposed to mica dust and sand during the production process. Most child laborers do not attend school, and girls who work in mines are particularly vulnerable to commercial sexual exploitation.
ILAB has reason to believe that a number of Indonesian-manufactured palm oil products are made using child and forced labor, particularly palm fruit harvested in Indonesia. These palm oil products include crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil, refined palm oil, refined palm kernel oil, and oleochemicals.
Indonesian palm fruit was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for child labor in 2010 and for forced labor in 2020. Indonesia produces the largest amount of palm fruit and palm oil in the world. In 2020, refined palm oil from Indonesia accounted for 55.26% of global imports. In 2020, the US sourced about 60 percent of its $1 billion worth of refined palm oil imports from Indonesia.
This research suggests that other products derived from palm fruit and palm oil can be produced, such as cooking oil, animal feed, bakery and bakery products, beverages, household and industrial products, cosmetic and personal care products, infant formula and biofuels. with inputs made with child and forced labor is produced.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing onions in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 5,937 working children grow onions (onions and leaves) in rural Paraguay. About 3,850 child laborers who grow onions (onions and leaves) in Paraguay are below the legal working age. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of adult workers being forced to work in palm oil production in Indonesia. The palm oil industry is labor intensive, employing between 3.7 and 8 million workers. According to local media and NGO reports, thousands of people have been forced into forced labor in palm oil production. Many of the palm oil plantation workers are internal migrants within Indonesia, some of whom have had to pay high recruitment costs, resulting in debt. It is widely reported that the daily targets set by companies for palm oil collectors cannot be achieved within a 7-hour workday, forcing workers to work several hours longer than the law allows without pay. overtime due to significant labor costs. they do not meet their objectives. People work on remote and isolated plantations with limited freedom of movement and communication. Victims and local NGOs report that some workers living on the plantation live in degrading living conditions without access to clean water or latrines. Some workers who work with hazardous pesticides and fertilizers lack personal protective equipment and experience health problems and increased risk of injury from exposure to hazardous chemicals.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing peanuts in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published the representative results of the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey, a representative study of rural children's work. The study assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is under 14 years of age or if the child is doing work that is hazardous under national law. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 33,165 working children in rural Paraguay grow peanuts. Approximately 15,384 child laborers who grow peanuts in Paraguay are below the legal working age. The study shows that more boys than girls are involved in child labor in peanut production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing peppers in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were released in 2014, an estimated 9,833 child laborers are employed in pepper cultivation. Some 49.9 percent, or 4,907, of these child laborers are under the age of 15, the minimum working age in Vietnam. Of the 9,833 child workers who grow peppers, 10.4% are between the ages of 5 and 11, 39.5% between the ages of 12 and 14, and 50% between the ages of 15 and 17. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing peppers in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 6,594 working children in rural Paraguay grow peppers. The study shows that more boys than girls do child labor in pepper production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
ILAB has reason to believe that several Chinese-made solar energy products were made using forced labor, specifically Chinese-made polysilicon. These products include photovoltaic rods and wafers (China), solar cells (China), and solar modules (China).
Polysilicon was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for forced labor in 2021. 45 percent of the world's solar polysilicon and more than half of China's polysilicon is produced in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , where investigations have found that it is manufactured using forced labor. China has 98 percent of the world's photovoltaic block production capacity; 97 percent for photovoltaic wafers; 81 percent for solar cells; and 77 percent for solar panels, all of which are made of polysilicon. Many of the world's largest manufacturers of photovoltaic wafers and bars, solar cells, and solar panels source polysilicon directly from companies believed to use forced labor in their production.
In 2020, imported solar cells and modules from China amounted to more than 24 billion USD. While the US imported about 5 percent of its solar cells and modules directly from China, more forced-labor polysilicon solar cells and modules are likely to enter the US via other countries. Many global solar companies have suppliers in China, and many are owned by Chinese companies. More than 42 percent of global imports of solar cells and modules come from China.
This research suggests that other downstream polysilicon products, such as semiconductors, silica-based products, and solar generators, can be made with forced labor inputs.
ILAB has reason to believe that several Chinese-made solar energy products were made using forced labor, specifically Chinese-made polysilicon. These products include photovoltaic rods and wafers (China), solar cells (China), and solar modules (China).
Polysilicon was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for forced labor in 2021. 45 percent of the world's solar polysilicon and more than half of China's polysilicon is produced in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , where investigations have found that it is manufactured using forced labor. China has 98 percent of the world's photovoltaic block production capacity; 97 percent for photovoltaic wafers; 81 percent for solar cells; and 77 percent for solar panels, all of which are made of polysilicon. Many of the world's largest manufacturers of photovoltaic wafers and bars, solar cells, and solar panels source polysilicon directly from companies believed to use forced labor in their production.
In 2020, imported solar cells and modules from China amounted to more than 24 billion USD. While the US imported about 5 percent of its solar cells and modules directly from China, more forced-labor polysilicon solar cells and modules are likely to enter the US via other countries. Many global solar companies have suppliers in China, and many are owned by Chinese companies. More than 42 percent of global imports of solar cells and modules come from China.
This research suggests that other downstream polysilicon products, such as semiconductors, silica-based products, and solar generators, can be made with forced labor inputs.
There are reports of adults in China being forced to make polysilicon for solar panels. It is estimated that more than 100,000 Uighurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslim minorities in China are subjected to forced labor after their detention in re-education camps, in addition to workers who may be forced to perform forced labor even without detention. The workers, often from poor rural areas, have been housed in factories in industrial areas of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where the camps are located, or have been transferred from Xinjiang to factories in other parts of China. China is the world's largest producer of solar polysilicon, with more than 50 percent of the country's production in Xinjiang. The researchers note that in Xinjiang, the energy sector, including solar and polysilicon, is expanding, and thousands of Uyghur workers have reportedly transferred to jobs in the past five years. Polysilicon manufacturers work with the Chinese government to employ ethnic minorities in sweatshop jobs, often with financial incentives. Testimonies from victims, the media and think tanks report that factories often engage in forced recruitment; restrict the freedom of movement and communication of employees; subjecting employees to constant surveillance, religious reprisals, physical violence, and exclusion from the community and community life; and threaten family members.
There are reports of children as young as seven growing and harvesting poppies in Mexico, particularly in impoverished indigenous communities where they work alongside family members. Opium from the poppy plant is a highly addictive narcotic used in the manufacture of illicit drugs such as heroin. According to press reports, NGOs, Mexican government and US State Department reports, child labor has been reported in remote areas of Guerrero, including the mountainous regions of La Montaña and La Sierra, where most of the poppy fields. Many children miss school to work in the fields during the harvest season. They often work long hours in dangerous environments, using sharp tools to extract the opium from the poppy plant.
There are reports that children in Russia are being forced to participate in pornography. NGOs have reported that tens of thousands of children have been exploited in the production of pornography and there is evidence that many of them were coerced. The production of child pornography is concentrated in the big cities, especially Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Street children in both cities are at particular risk of being exploited in this industry. Some children are trafficked internally and from the former Soviet republics to participate in pornography in Russia. These children are often victims of various forms of physical abuse while being exploited in this form of forced labor.
There are reports of children between the ages of 7 and 17 harvesting potatoes in Lebanon. Most of the children are Syrian refugees living and working in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley. According to international humanitarian organizations, thousands of children are involved in child labor growing and harvesting potatoes. Many of these children work long hours with heavy loads, are exposed to extreme temperatures and do not have access to drinking water or toilets. Some are beaten up by their employers when they don't behave as expected or work slower than necessary. Many of these children do not go to school.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 13 raise poultry in Brazil. The ILO has found that children caring for farm animals are generally at risk of potential health outcomes, including infection from animal bites and exposure to harmful bacteria. The 2015 National Household Survey of the Brazilian government considers child labor all work done by children under 14 years of age. According to an analysis of the study, an estimated 65,775 working children raise poultry. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 working in poultry farming in Ecuador. According to the analysis of the 2019 Ecuador National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, an estimated 9,434 children under the minimum age to work in poultry are involved in child labor. The ILO has found that children caring for farm animals are generally at risk of potential health outcomes, including infection from animal bites and exposure to harmful bacteria. The publication of this study demonstrates the Ecuadorian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 raise birds in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 297,598 working children raise poultry in rural Paraguay. Approximately 196,572 child laborers who raise poultry are below the legal working age in Paraguay. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
ILAB has reason to believe that a number of Indonesian-manufactured palm oil products are made using child and forced labor, particularly palm fruit harvested in Indonesia. These palm oil products include crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil, refined palm oil, refined palm kernel oil, and oleochemicals.
Indonesian palm fruit was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for child labor in 2010 and for forced labor in 2020. Indonesia produces the largest amount of palm fruit and palm oil in the world. In 2020, refined palm oil from Indonesia accounted for 55.26% of global imports. In 2020, the US sourced about 60 percent of its $1 billion worth of refined palm oil imports from Indonesia.
This research suggests that other products derived from palm fruit and palm oil can be produced, such as cooking oil, animal feed, bakery and bakery products, beverages, household and industrial products, cosmetic and personal care products, infant formula and biofuels. with inputs made with child and forced labor is produced.
ILAB has reason to believe that a number of Indonesian-manufactured palm oil products are made using child and forced labor, particularly palm fruit harvested in Indonesia. These palm oil products include crude palm oil, crude palm kernel oil, refined palm oil, refined palm kernel oil, and oleochemicals.
Indonesian palm fruit was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for child labor in 2010 and for forced labor in 2020. Indonesia produces the largest amount of palm fruit and palm oil in the world. In 2020, refined palm oil from Indonesia accounted for 55.26% of global imports. In 2020, the US sourced about 60 percent of its $1 billion worth of refined palm oil imports from Indonesia.
This research suggests that other products derived from palm fruit and palm oil can be produced, such as cooking oil, animal feed, bakery and bakery products, beverages, household and industrial products, cosmetic and personal care products, infant formula and biofuels. with inputs made with child and forced labor is produced.
There are reports of children as young as nine in Burma being forced to work in rice production. According to NGOs, the villagers, including children, are forced to plant and harvest rice for the military camps. These children are forced to work shifts for the army throughout the year, although most of the rice cultivation takes place during the rainy season. Local officials and the military enforce work orders, and workers cannot refuse to work even if they are sick. Children are not paid for their work and are beaten if the quality of their work is deemed unacceptable.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 working in rice production in Ecuador. According to the analysis of the 2019 Ecuador National Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment, an estimated 5,896 children under the minimum age to work in rice production are involved in child labor. The ILO has found that children who work in agriculture are often exposed to hazards that include long shifts, carrying heavy loads, use of dangerous tools, exposure to the elements, physical injury, and chemicals such as pesticides. The publication of this study demonstrates the Ecuadorian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 14 are involved in rice cultivation in Ghana. According to an analysis of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, there are an estimated 19,124 child laborers involved in rice cultivation. There are a number of health and safety issues associated with growing rice, including prolonged sun exposure, burns from the cooking process, and infection from harvesting rice fields. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Ghana's commitment to combating child labor and its recognition that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programmes.
There are reports of children being forced to work in rice mills in India, particularly Tamil Nadu. These children are forced to farm rice through forced labor, often in cooperation with their families. Children from the lower castes, the socially disadvantaged classes of India, are at particular risk. According to an ILO study, more than 1,000 families are forced to work in rice mills in a district of Tamil Nadu. Families receive an advance from recruiters and then have to work to pay off the debt. Some children are harassed by factory workers and their freedom of movement is restricted.
There are reports of children being forced to farm rice in Mali, particularly along the Niger River and in the Segou region. According to a university study and the ILO, some children are trafficked in groups of 25 to 50 children and some 2,000 children are forced to work in the rice fields in Mali. Some children from villages in other parts of Mali are known to be recruited to plant rice in Niono. Children from Burkina Faso are also exchanged for rice cultivation in Mali. Some 10- to 15-year-old children from Burkina Faso and Mali are sent to work in the rice fields by their Koran teachers in religious schools. Organized trafficking networks connect farmers with teachers and children. These people are not paid for their work; Farmers pay teachers and recruiters for the children's labor.
There is evidence of children under the age of 14 growing rice in Pakistan. An analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018 considers all work done by children under the age of 14 to be child labour. According to an analysis of the study, an estimated 31,628 child laborers grow rice. The ILO has found that children who work in agriculture are generally exposed to hazards that include long shifts, carrying heavy loads, use of dangerous tools, and exposure to the elements, physical injury, and chemicals. Children working in the rice fields are exposed to fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides. Long hours in the sun with minimal protection can lead to ongoing health problems such as eye infections, skin irritation and diseases, and respiratory problems. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Pakistan's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 are engaged in rice cultivation in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were released in 2014, an estimated 278,884 child laborers farm rice. Some 32.9 percent, or 91,753, of these working children are under the age of 15, the minimum working age in Vietnam. Of the 278,884 child laborers estimated to farm rice, 13.6% are 5-11 years old, 19.3% are 12-14 years old, and 67.1% are 15-17 years old. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports of children as young as nine in Burma being forced to work in rubber production. According to NGO reports, villagers, including children, are forced to grow rubber plants in nurseries and plantations for the military camps. Local officials and the military enforce work orders. Child forced laborers are not paid for their work and face physical violence or other punishment if they refuse to work.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing rubber in Vietnam. The results of the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, released in 2014, show that approximately 10,224 child laborers are involved in rubber cultivation. Some 42.5 percent, or 4,345, of these child laborers are under the age of 15, the minimum working age in Vietnam. Of the 10,224 child laborers estimated to be cultivating rubber, 22.1% are 5-11 years old, 20.4% are 12-14 years old, and 57.5% are 15-17 years old. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports that adults in Malaysia are forced to make rubber gloves. Forced labor is particularly prevalent among migrant workers from Bangladesh, India, Myanmar and Nepal who work in more than 100 rubber glove factories in Malaysia. According to reports, an estimated 42,500 migrant workers are employed in the Malaysian rubber glove industry. Workers often face high recruitment costs to secure a job, often leaving them in debt bondage; forced to work more overtime than Malaysian law allows; and work in factories where temperatures can reach dangerous levels. In addition, workers face penalties, including withholding wages, restricting their freedom of movement, and having their identification documents confiscated.
There are reports of children between the ages of 10 and 17 digging or 'collecting' sand in Kenya. These children reportedly work in Busia, Homa Bay, Kilifi, Kitui, Machakos and Nakuru provinces. Boys are reported to work in sand collection more often than girls. In a survey conducted by Kenyatta University, sand mining was the most common reason given by primary school students for dropping out of school in the Kathiani Division in Machakos. Of the 80 students surveyed, all indicated that they were involved in sand mining to some degree. Similarly, a survey of local residents and interviews with community stakeholders in Magarini found that sand mining is a significant form of child labor among children. In addition, numerous cases of child labor in sand production have been reported across the country, according to the ILO, scientists, NGOs, local government officials, and the US Department of State. In many cases, children leave school for digging and shoveling sand in and along rivers, and for loading and unloading sand in large trucks. Children collect sand during school hours and at night, risking accidents from collapsing mine walls that can cause death.
There are reports of school-age children collecting sand in Uganda, particularly in the central, eastern, and north-eastern regions of the country. According to a Ugandan government official, sand mining is one of the main jobs that child laborers work in. Children spend hours collecting sand, which prevents them from going to school. The children go underwater, collect sand and transport it to boats on the river bank. This work exposes children to serious health and safety risks, including drowning, injury, and waterborne illness.
There are reports of children between the ages of 6 and 17 producing sandstone in India. In Rajasthan, where 90 percent of India's sandstone is produced, boys and girls ages 6 to 7 carve sandstone pavers and boys ages 13 to 17 carve sandstone. Children from immigrant families or members of the majority caste, a socially disadvantaged group in India, are particularly vulnerable to child labor in sandstone production. International organizations, NGOs and academic researchers estimate that thousands of children work in the sandstone quarries of Rajasthan. Children who work in quarries are rarely provided with protective equipment, such as goggles or masks, and are at risk, including serious injuries from falling rocks; hearing loss from drilling and explosion noise; extreme heat; and inhalation of fumed silica, which can cause chronic lung disease and death. Some children also work nights or operate dangerous equipment.
There are reports of adult laborers being forced to work in sandstone production in India. Migrant and main caste workers, a socially disadvantaged group in India, are particularly vulnerable to forced labor in sandstone quarries. According to international organizations, NGOs and academic researchers, forced and bonded labor is common in Rajasthan's sandstone quarries, which produce 90% of India's sandstone. Migrant and marginalized workers are lured to quarries with promises of high-paying jobs, where they work in dangerous conditions for daily or piece-rate wages that are too low to cover basic costs. Sandstone quarry workers are highly susceptible to silicosis, a fatal lung disease caused by inhaling dust generated by drilling or fracturing quartz-rich rock. In many cases, quarry owners provide advances and loans to workers to help cover the rising medical and household costs associated with silicosis. To pay off these debts, quarry owners withhold workers' wages, which in turn continue to accumulate through compound interest and additional costs. Employers informally record attendance and rarely provide written accounts of debt owed, allowing quarry owners to withhold money from workers' wages and increase debt. When an indebted employee becomes too sick to work or dies, that debt passes to her family, who loses the property or has to work in the quarry to pay off the debt.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing sesame in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 17,670 working children grow sesame in rural Paraguay. About 5,793 child laborers who grow sesame in Paraguay are not of legal working age. Research shows that there are more boys than girls involved in child labor in sesame production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 13 raise sheep in Brazil. The ILO has found that children tending livestock are generally at risk of potential health consequences, including kick injuries and infections from animal bites, as well as exposure to harmful bacteria. The 2015 National Household Survey of the Brazilian government considers child labor all work done by children under 14 years of age. According to an analysis of the survey, an estimated 5,773 working children raise sheep. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 raise sheep in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published the representative results of the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey, a representative study of rural children's work. The study assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is under 14 years of age or if the child is doing work that is hazardous under national law. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 9,790 working children in rural Paraguay raise sheep. Approximately 4,856 child laborers raising sheep are below the legal working age in Paraguay. The study shows that more boys than girls do child labor in sheep farming. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports of children being forced to handle shrimp in Thailand. Burmese and Cambodian immigrants are particularly vulnerable to forced child labor in the shrimp industry. A UN report has identified some 150 children working in the Klong Yai district near the Cambodian border, many with their mothers. Children are often forced to peel and sort shrimp. Some are forced to work long hours without rest, are subjected to physical abuse and are not allowed to leave the workplace. Their identity documents are often confiscated by their employers. In some cases, child laborers receive little or no wages, and their wages are withheld to pay debts related to recruitment, food and/or housing. Children often endure these circumstances under the threat of dismissal and arrest by the Aliens Police.
There are reports of adults being forced to grow silk cocoons in Uzbekistan. A silk cocoon is the protective layer that a silkworm wraps around itself before becoming a moth. Silk cocoons can be processed and unwound into silk thread. Forced labor in the manufacture of cocoons is particularly frequent among farmers in the south of the country, although there is evidence that other rural families also carry out forced labor in this sector. According to estimates by the Uzbek-German Forum, most of the more than 45,000 farmers in Uzbekistan who produce silk cocoons each year cannot refuse this work; They are forced to do so by government officials. Officials at the county and regional levels assign each farmer a quota for the production of silk cocoons and threaten farmers with fines, loss of their leased farmland, or physical violence if they do not comply with the quota. Farmers must sell their silk cocoons to the government for an official purchase price that may be too low to offset the cost of growing the cocoons, and often face underpayment, late payment, or no payment at all. County and regional governments also impose quotas on neighborhood councils, known as mahalas, which use their authority over the distribution of welfare to force neighborhood residents to grow silk cocoons. Because silkworms require constant attention and the maintenance of a carefully controlled environment to survive, farmers and rural families often grow cocoons in different rooms of their own homes, many working more than 20 hours a day during the season. breeding season about a month. .
ILAB has reason to believe that several Chinese-made solar energy products were made using forced labor, specifically Chinese-made polysilicon. These products include photovoltaic rods and wafers (China), solar cells (China), and solar modules (China).
Polysilicon was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for forced labor in 2021. 45 percent of the world's solar polysilicon and more than half of China's polysilicon is produced in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , where investigations have found that it is manufactured using forced labor. China has 98 percent of the world's photovoltaic block production capacity; 97 percent for photovoltaic wafers; 81 percent for solar cells; and 77 percent for solar panels, all of which are made of polysilicon. Many of the world's largest manufacturers of photovoltaic wafers and bars, solar cells, and solar panels source polysilicon directly from companies believed to use forced labor in their production.
In 2020, imported solar cells and modules from China amounted to more than 24 billion USD. While the US imported about 5 percent of its solar cells and modules directly from China, more forced-labor polysilicon solar cells and modules are likely to enter the US via other countries. Many global solar companies have suppliers in China, and many are owned by Chinese companies. More than 42 percent of global imports of solar cells and modules come from China.
This research suggests that other downstream polysilicon products, such as semiconductors, silica-based products, and solar generators, can be made with forced labor inputs.
ILAB has reason to believe that several Chinese-made solar energy products were made using forced labor, specifically Chinese-made polysilicon. These products include photovoltaic rods and wafers (China), solar cells (China), and solar modules (China).
Polysilicon was added to the ILAB list of goods produced by child labor or forced labor for forced labor in 2021. 45 percent of the world's solar polysilicon and more than half of China's polysilicon is produced in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , where investigations have found that it is manufactured using forced labor. China has 98 percent of the world's photovoltaic block production capacity; 97 percent for photovoltaic wafers; 81 percent for solar cells; and 77 percent for solar panels, all of which are made of polysilicon. Many of the world's largest manufacturers of photovoltaic wafers and bars, solar cells, and solar panels source polysilicon directly from companies believed to use forced labor in their production.
In 2020, imported solar cells and modules from China amounted to more than 24 billion USD. While the US imported about 5 percent of its solar cells and modules directly from China, more forced-labor polysilicon solar cells and modules are likely to enter the US via other countries. Many global solar companies have suppliers in China, and many are owned by Chinese companies. More than 42 percent of global imports of solar cells and modules come from China.
This research suggests that other downstream polysilicon products, such as semiconductors, silica-based products, and solar generators, can be made with forced labor inputs.
There are reports of children being forced to mine rocks in India. These children work in quarries, mines and crushing plants under forced labor conditions. According to an ILO estimate, up to 500,000 quarry workers, including entire families, were forced laborers in Tamil Nadu. Families receive an advance and are obligated to pay the debts for generations. Some children serve as guarantors for the loan and have to work to repay it. Some children inherit debts from their parents and can be bought and sold between contractors. Majority caste children, a socially disadvantaged class in India, and immigrant children are particularly vulnerable. The children live at work and face isolation and restricted mobility. Some children are forced to work under the threat of fines or physical violence, with little or no pay.
Children as young as five are reportedly forced to dig stones in Nepal. According to a report by an NGO and the media, these children work as slaves, often with their parents and other relatives, in quarries and riverbeds across the country. Families borrow and receive insufficient payment to avoid going into debt, leaving them in debt bondage. Some children mostly live with their families on the construction site, they are watched by guards and are not allowed to leave the construction site. Children are often forced to do dangerous work, including carrying heavy loads. Employers threaten to withhold food from workers, including children. Some children experience physical violence at the hands of their employers.
There are reports of children as young as seven working in quarries in Uganda. In three of the four regions of Uganda, children, mostly boys, dig and pound. Of particular concern to children who work in quarries are the north-eastern region of Karamoja and central Uganda. The Uganda Bureau of Statistics estimates that 2,124 quarry workers are in formal jobs; Most of them work in quarries in central Uganda. However, many workers, many of them children, are known to extract stone in informal and artisanal quarries. According to international organizations, the media, and the US State Department, numerous incidents of children mining and breaking rocks have been reported throughout the country, and in particular in the northeastern region of Karamoja. Because of this work, the children cannot go to school. In addition, children are exposed to loud noise, dust, long hours of extreme heat, and injuries from flying rock fragments. Accidents in stone mining resulted in loss of limbs, spinal cord fractures, and loss of vision.
There are reports of children in Bolivia being forced to plant sugar cane. According to the latest data available from the ILO, it is estimated that almost a quarter of the migrants who work in the sugar cane harvest are children under 14 years of age, many of whom perform forced labor. Many children work with their families in forced labor conditions. Entire families, including children, live in employer-provided housing; This dependence on the employer increases their vulnerability to forced labor. Families receive little or no pay, and room and board expenses are deducted from their wages. Some children inherit their parents' debts if they die or stop working, remain attached to the debt and may be sold to another employer.
There is evidence that children in Brazil between the ages of 14 and 17 grow sugarcane. Brazilian law prohibits all children under the age of 18 from growing sugarcane. According to an analysis of the Brazilian government's 2015 National Household Survey, an estimated 5,503 child laborers grow sugarcane. People, including children, who work in sugarcane production are exposed to high temperatures for hours and have no protective equipment. The publication of this study demonstrates the Brazilian government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of strong policies and programs.
There are reports of children being forced to work in the sugarcane industry in Burma. Forced child labor occurs in Thaton County, particularly in areas near military camps. An NGO study documents that villagers, including children, move to work in dozens of various villages every day during labor-intensive periods of sugarcane production. The children are forced to cut down trees and dig up stumps to prepare the fields, plant sugar cane, and grind and cook the sugar cane after harvest. They are not paid for their work.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing sugarcane in Cambodia. Child labor in the sugarcane sector occurs both on commercial plantations and on small farms. In particular, children from families who have lost land through concessions to sugar companies are exposed to exploitative labor on the plantations. According to international organizations, NGOs, and media reports, child labor is a widespread problem in Cambodia's sugarcane sector, with numerous incidents throughout the country, including reports of hundreds of children growing sugarcane on plantations. from Koh Kong province. Children who work in the sugar cane fields often work for hours in the hot sun and report respiratory problems, headaches and dizziness as a result. Child laborers in this sector perform dangerous jobs such as carrying heavy bales of sugarcane, using dangerous tools, and spraying toxic pesticides. Many children suffer injuries at work, including skin infections and cuts from sharp canes or knives.
There are reports of adults forced to work in the harvest and production of sugar cane in the Dominican Republic. These adults, most of whom are undocumented or stateless, are predominantly of Haitian descent or descent. Reports from civil society organizations, the media, interviews with workers, field investigations, and other sources point to the existence of the following indicators of forced labor in the sugarcane industry: deprivation of wages, poor working conditions, and of life, excessive overtime, isolation, movement restrictions and fraudulent hiring practices. For some workers, the uncertain legal status and lack of identification documents limit their freedom of movement and have led to isolation and fear of reprisals, complaints to the authorities, loss of company-provided housing, and deportation based on complaints of illegal working conditions. Furthermore, illiteracy, low education and language barriers can affect the understanding and exercise of labor rights and make them more vulnerable to labor exploitation.
There are reports of children working in the harvest and production of sugar cane in the Dominican Republic. Most of these children are of Haitian or Haitian descent and are undocumented or stateless. National law prohibits all children under the age of 18 from working in sugarcane production and harvesting. People, including children, who work in sugarcane production are exposed to high temperatures and lack protective equipment. The ILO has found that children who work in agriculture are often exposed to hazards that include long shifts, carrying heavy loads, use of dangerous tools, exposure to the elements, physical injury, and chemicals such as pesticides. Some child laborers are reported to accompany their parents to the sugar cane fields. The children work mainly in the cultivation of sugar cane, as well as in the irrigation, fertilization and disinfection of the fields. There are also reports of children working in the logging and harvesting of sugar cane.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 grow sugarcane in Vietnam. The results of the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, released in 2014, show that there are an estimated 28,303 child laborers employed in sugarcane cultivation. About 32.6 percent or 9,227 of these working children are under the age of 15, which is the minimum age for work in Vietnam. Of the estimated 28,303 working children who cultivate sugarcane, 3.9 percent are between 5 and 11 years old, 28.7 percent are between 12 and 14 years old, and 67.4 percent are between 15 and 17 years old. . The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports of children as young as 9 growing sugarcane in Zimbabwe. Several local media reports report cases of children working on sugarcane farms, particularly remote farms in Masvingo province, Zimbabwe's main sugarcane growing area. According to one source, up to 10,000 children work in this sector. The children who work in the farms that produce sugar cane carry out tasks related to irrigation, cutting sugar cane and supervising the harvest. The children work nights and engage in dangerous activities such as using machetes and hunting wild animals. Many child laborers who work in sugarcane production do not go to school because of their work.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing sweet potatoes in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 8,143 working children in rural Paraguay grow sweet potatoes. Some 4,912 of Paraguay's child laborers who grow sweet potatoes are not of legal working age. Research shows that more boys than girls are involved in child labor in sweet potato production. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports that children between the ages of 5 and 17 are forced to work in the production of coltan or tantalum ore in some mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to US State Department and NGO reports, many children have been identified as forced laborers in mines in eastern Congo, particularly in North and South Kivu. Some children are forced to work in the mines with their families, while other children are sent to the mines by their parents to pay off family debts. These children receive little or no wages. In addition, many mines are controlled by the military or armed groups that have been known to use threats of violence to round up villagers, including children, and force them to work. These forcibly recruited children do not have freedom of movement and are not paid for their work.
There are reports of men and women working in tea production being subjected to hard and forced labor in India. Evidence of forced labor and servitude was found in the state of Assam. Employees face non-payment of wages or underpayment and withholding of social benefits, as well as corresponding threats. In addition, sources indicate that workers lack access to adequate housing, basic medical care, and water. Although employers are required by law to provide food and health care, employees do not receive these benefits and are forced to borrow money from their employer at high interest rates; Sometimes employees are billed for services they don't receive. This has led to conditions of debt bondage. A smaller number of workers are subjected to forced labor through physical, sexual and verbal coercion, as well as threats of violence and dismissal.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing tea in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were released in 2014, there are 5,933 child laborers involved in tea cultivation. Some 22.9 percent, or 1,359, of these child laborers are under the age of 15, the minimum working age in Vietnam. Of the 5,933 child laborers who grow tea, 13.2% are between the ages of 5-11, 9.7% between the ages of 12-14 and 77.1% between the ages of 15-17. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports of children in Burma being forced to work in teak production. Forced child labor occurs on teak plantations in Thaton district, particularly in areas close to military camps. An NGO study reports that villagers, including children, in several villages are regularly mobilized by the army for forced labor growing teak and other crops. Forced laborers are not paid for their work.
According to reports from think tanks and the media, the garment industry is working with the Chinese government to employ ethnic minority adults in exploitative forced labor. The researchers note that Xinjiang is experiencing an expansion in the textile industry and that hundreds of thousands of workers may be forced into forced labor as part of the effort. Testimonies from victims, the media and think tanks report that factories, including in the textile industry, often resort to forced recruitment; restrict the freedom of movement and communication of employees; and subjecting employees to constant surveillance, retaliation for religious beliefs, exclusion from the community and community life, and threats against family members. Additionally, some workers are subject to military leadership, are indoctrinated by the government, and are paid less than minimum wage. There are reports that adults in China are being forced to make textiles. More generally, according to various estimates, at least 100,000 to hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslim minorities in China are subjected to forced labor after their detention in re-education camps. Furthermore, poor rural workers may be subject to coercion even without imprisonment. The workers may be sent to factories in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where the camps are located, or transferred from Xinjiang to factories in eastern China.
There is evidence that in Ghana children between the ages of 5 and 14 are engaged in textile weaving. According to an analysis by the Ghana Living Standards Survey, an estimated 23,856 child laborers are employed in textile weaving. There are numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry. These hazards include chemical exposure from processing and dyeing materials, exposure to cotton and other organic dusts, musculoskeletal strain, and noise exposure. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Ghana's commitment to combating child labor and its recognition that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programmes.
There is evidence that children under the age of 14 work in textile production in Pakistan. According to an analysis of the Pakistan Labor Force Survey 2017-2018, an estimated 45,699 children are involved in child labor in textile manufacturing. The publication of this study demonstrates the Government of Pakistan's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 making textiles in Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, the results of which were published in 2014, approximately 6,049 child laborers work in textile production, mainly in the manufacturing and finishing stages of the process. Some 42.9 percent, or 2,595, of these child laborers are under the age of 15, the minimum working age in Vietnam. Of the estimated 6,049 child workers producing textiles, approximately 448 are between the ages of 5 and 11, 2,147 between the ages of 12 and 14, and 3,454 between the ages of 15 and 17. About 96 percent of child workers in the garment industry are women. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports of children, mainly boys as young as seven, making woven textiles under forced labor in Ethiopia. These children work mainly in Addis Ababa, although many come from the south, including the Gamo Gofa and Wolaita areas, some of whom are victims of human trafficking. Trafficked children are often sold to recruiters, and parents and children are deceived with false promises of wages and educational opportunities in the workplace. Some children sleep on construction sites, are held in captivity and isolation, and do not get enough food. They will be punished with physical violence. Some children are forced to work long hours and overtime for little or no pay.
According to reports, more than 2,000 adult Uyghur and Kazakh laborers were involuntarily transferred from Xinjiang to spinning factories in the east and forced to make yarn/yarn products. Many others in Xinjiang's spinning mills, especially cotton spinning, are also likely to be forced into forced labor. Testimonies from victims, the media and think tanks report that factories, including spinning and thread mills, often engage in forced recruitment; restrict the freedom of movement and communication of employees; and subjecting employees to constant surveillance, retaliation for religious beliefs, exclusion from the community and community life, and threats against family members. In addition, workers can be retrained to stamp out "extremism." More generally, according to various estimates, at least 100,000 to hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslim minorities in China are subjected to forced labor after their detention in re-education camps. Furthermore, poor rural workers may be subject to coercion even without imprisonment. The workers may be sent to factories in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where the camps are located, or transferred from Xinjiang to factories in eastern China.
There have been reports of forced labor among workers in the thread and spinning industry in India. In particular, workers in spinning mills in the state of Tamil Nadu are often recruited by cheating about working conditions and wages. Sources point to excessive and involuntary overtime conditions, debt bondage, denial of identity and restrictions on the free movement of workers.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 being forced to work in Ghanaian fisheries, catching mainly tilapia, but also fish such as mudfish, silverfish, catfish, tardi and electrofish. According to the latest data available from universities, NGOs, government raids and international organizations, hundreds of children in the Lake Volta region have been rescued from fishing, forcing them to perform tasks such as diving to untangle fishing nets from tree stumps. underwater. Children are often trafficked from the Volta, Central, Eastern or Ashanti regions to work in Tato and other communities around Lake Volta. Some of the children who have to work in the fisheries are in forced labor after being sold by their parents or sent with a contract of one to three years that promises that the parents will pay at agreed times. Children often receive little or no wages and have to work long hours. Children who are forced to work in fishing often live with their employers, where they are subjected to physical violence and lack of adequate food.
There are reports that adults in Russia are forced to produce wood. The North Korean government sends North Korean adults to Russia to produce timber there. According to media reports, around 2,000 North Koreans produce timber in Russia. A South Korean NGO reports that North Korean forestry workers are working 12 to 18 hour days with mounting debts to pay bribes during the selection process. Many workers in this sector are isolated in remote, prison-like logging camps in the far east of the country. An NGO reports that workers are forced to pay 80 percent of their salaries to the North Korean government in addition to room and board, and are only allowed to keep $30 to $50 per month, well below the minimum salary. In accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 2397, Russia announced in 2017 its intention to stop issuing or renewing work visas to North Korean workers.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 produce wood in Vietnam. Results from the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, released in 2014, show that approximately 58,079 child laborers are involved in logging, including transporting and loading timber. Of the 58,079 child laborers employed in timber production, 6,428 children worked more than 42 hours per week in timber production. Some 89 per cent of child laborers employed in this sector were involved in work that could be considered hazardous under national law. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or when she is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports of children between the ages of 5 and 17 working in tin mining in Indonesia. Child labor in this sector is concentrated on the tin-producing islands of Bangka-Belitung province in ASM. According to a 2014 ILO sector inquiry on child labor in the informal tin mining industry, published in 2015, an estimated 6,300 children are involved in child labor in the tin mining industry. Children work at dangerous heights and in deep, slippery shafts with a high risk of cave-ins and injuries. The children's responsibilities include operating pressurized water machines to separate tin from other materials, digging in the earth to find tin deposits, and searching for tin in waters where children are exposed to extreme weather conditions and risk drowning.
There are reports that in some mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo children between the ages of 5 and 17 are forced to work in the production of cassiterite or tin ore. According to reports from NGOs and the US State Department, many children have been identified as forced laborers in mines in eastern Congo, particularly in North and South Kivu. Some children are forced to work in the mines with their families, while other children are sent to the mines by their parents to pay off family debts. These children receive little or no wages. In addition, many mines are controlled by the military or armed groups that have been known to use threats of violence to round up villagers, including children, and force them to work. These forcibly recruited children do not have freedom of movement and are not paid for their work.
Children in Malawi are reportedly being forced to grow tobacco. Tobacco plantations are concentrated in the districts of Mzimba, Kasungu, Mchinji and Mzimba. According to the latest data available from the ILO and NGOs, more than 70,000 children work on tobacco plantations, some of them in forced labor. Families working on tobacco plantations are sometimes tied to their owners and their children are forced to work to pay off family debts. Owners charge these tenants for costs such as rent, fertilizer, and seeds; These costs often exceed the profits from the tobacco crop and create debt for the worker and his family. Some kids are also hired on fraudulent working conditions and promised wages and receive little or no pay at the end of the season. Some children have to work long hours, including overtime, and are forced to do dangerous jobs, such as carrying heavy loads and using pesticides. In addition, certain children are subjected to threats and punishment at work, including physical, verbal, and sexual abuse, and are denied food or wages.
There is evidence that children between the ages of 5 and 17 grow tobacco in Vietnam. The results of the Vietnamese government's 2012 National Child Labor Survey, released in 2014, show that there are an estimated 2,555 child laborers employed in tobacco cultivation. About 26.4 percent or 675 of the total number of child laborers growing tobacco are between the ages of 5 and 11, while 73.6 percent or 1,880 are between the ages of 15 and 17. The study assumes that a child is involved in child labor when the child works an excessive number of hours per week for her age or is in work that is prohibited by national law for underage workers.
There are reports of children producing tobacco in Zimbabwe. According to reports by Human Rights Watch and local media, there are numerous cases of children working on tobacco farms in Zimbabwe's northeastern provinces, including Mashonaland West, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, and Manicaland. There are reports that more and more children are working on small, non-commercial farms. In many cases, children drop out of school to work on tobacco plantations. Children perform dangerous jobs that include mixing, handling, and spraying pesticides. Children also experience adverse health effects from exposure to nicotine, which enters their bodies through their skin when they handle tobacco.
There are reports that adults in China are forced to make tomato products. Xinjiang is a major producer of tomato products, especially tomato paste. Testimonies from victims, the media, and think tanks report that factories, including tomato product factories, often resort to forced recruitment; restrict the freedom of movement and communication of employees; and subjecting employees to constant surveillance, retaliation for religious beliefs, exclusion from the community and social life, and isolation. More generally, according to various estimates, at least 100,000 to hundreds of thousands of Uyghurs, ethnic Kazakhs, and other Muslim minorities in China are subjected to forced labor after their detention in re-education camps. Furthermore, poor rural workers may be subject to coercion even without imprisonment.
There are reports that men and women in Mexico are being forced to work in tomato cultivation. According to reports by the media, NGOs, and the US State Department, there are hundreds of victims of forced labor in tomato farming. Many of these victims report that they were recruited by middlemen, called enganchadores, who lie to workers about the nature and conditions of work, wages, hours of work, and quality of living conditions. Sources report cases of forced labor occurring both on commercial tomato plantations and on small farms found in states such as Baja California, Coahuila, Jalisco, San Luis Potosí, and Sinaloa. According to available reports, indigenous farmworkers from the impoverished regions of central and southern Mexico are particularly vulnerable to forced labor in the agricultural sector due to their low educational level, language barriers, and discrimination. On the farms, some men and women work up to 15 hours a day, under threat of dismissal, for wages below the minimum wage. Some employees are reportedly being threatened with physical violence or physically assaulted because they are quitting their jobs. Workers also report living in overcrowded and unsanitary shelters without access to clean water, latrines, electricity and medical services. Some workers face mounting debt at company stores, which often drives up the prices of their products, forcing workers to buy supplies on credit and limiting their ability to leave farms.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing tomatoes in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that 13,095 working children in rural Paraguay grow tomatoes. Approximately 6,363 child laborers who grow tomatoes in Paraguay are below the legal working age. The study shows that more boys than girls do child labor in tomato cultivation. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
There are reports that children, mostly between the ages of 13 and 16, are being forced to make toys in China. The latest available data from an NGO study suggests that hundreds of children are being exploited in this way. According to reports, mainly children from Sichuan, Guangxi and other provinces are sent to Guangdong to make toys. Some of these children are trafficked after being recruited with deceptive promises, and others are forced by teachers to work in double degree programs. Children from the Yi ethnic minority in Sichuan's Liangshan Prefecture are particularly vulnerable. Children report being forced to work long hours under the threat of fines and fines for mistakes on the job. Some children report that teachers withhold wages for "tuition" and administrative fees. Also, employers withhold wages for months to prevent children from leaving.
There are reports that in some mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo children between the ages of 5 and 17 are forced to work in the production of wolframite or tungsten ore. NGOs and the US State Department estimate that hundreds of children are forced to work in mines in eastern Congo, particularly in North and South Kivu. Some children are forced to work in the mines with their families, while other children are sent to the mines by their parents to pay off family debts. These children receive little or no wages. In addition, many mines are controlled by the military or armed groups that have been known to use threats of violence to round up villagers, including children, and force them to work. These forcibly recruited children do not have freedom of movement and are not paid for their work.
There is evidence of children between the ages of 5 and 17 growing yerba mate (stimulant plant) in Paraguay. In 2016, the government of Paraguay published representative results from the 2015 Rural Children and Youth Activities Survey. The survey assumes that a working child is involved in child labor if the child is over the minimum working age of 14 years. or if the child is engaged in hazardous work in accordance with national legislation. The study estimates that 301,827 children between the ages of 5 and 17 carry out hazardous work in rural Paraguay and notes that children who work in agriculture suffer accidents and illnesses, including from using dangerous tools and handling chemical products. According to the study, almost 13 percent of Paraguayan children involved in child labor in agriculture do not attend school. The study estimates that some 3,464 working children grow yerba mate in rural Paraguay. Research shows that more boys than girls engage in child labor in the manufacture of yerba mate. The publication of this study demonstrates the Paraguayan government's commitment to combating child labor and recognizes that data collection is critical to the design and implementation of sound policies and programs.
FAQs
List of goods manufactured by child labor or forced labor? ›
The most common agricultural goods listed are sugarcane, cotton, coffee, tobacco, cattle, rice, and fish. In the manufacturing sector, bricks, garments, textiles, footwear, carpets, and fireworks appear most frequently. In mined or quarried goods, gold, coal and diamonds are most common.
What are the examples of forced labor? ›Forced labour takes different forms, including debt bondage, trafficking and other forms of modern slavery. The victims are the most vulnerable – women and girls forced into prostitution, migrants trapped in debt bondage, and sweatshop or farm workers kept there by clearly illegal tactics and paid little or nothing.
Does Walmart use child labor? ›Walmart does not tolerate underage labor in our supply chain. We find the allegations very concerning and are investigating. As set out in our Standards for Suppliers and managed through our responsible sourcing programs, we believe all people should be treated with dignity and not exploited.
Did Apple use child labour? ›More recently, after Apple admitted to the cases of child labor abuses their suppliers had, Apple Company promised to eliminate child labor from its supply chain immediately and completely.
Does Hershey use child labor? ›Hershey does not tolerate child labor within our supply chain, and we are working to prevent and eliminate it within cocoa communities.
What are 3 examples of types of labor? ›Rickshaw pullers, cobblers, tailors, weavers, iron-smiths are examples of physical labour. 2. Teachers, accountants, doctors, managers etc., are good examples of mental labours.
What is the most common type of forced labor? ›Other (Restaurant/Food Service, Hospitality, etc.) There are 24.9 million victims of forced labor worldwide. In the United States, domestic work is the most common venue for labor exploitation, including forced labor.
Does Target use child labor? ›Cotton Origin Policy. Target does not knowingly buy or sell products that are made, in whole or in part, using forced or underage labor.
Where does Nestle do child labor? ›A new report by the Fair Labor Association (FLA), commissioned by Nestlé, saw researchers visit 260 farms used by the company in Ivory Coast from September to December 2014. The researchers found 56 workers under the age of 18, of which 27 were under 15.
Do sweatshops use child labor? ›There is no single definition of what a sweatshop is. The US Department of Labor defines a sweatshop as a factory that violates two or more labor laws, such as those pertaining to wages and benefits, child labor or working hours.
Did Amazon use child labor? ›
In August 2019, leaked documents to China Labor Watch revealed that more than 1,000 schoolchildren aged 16-18 were employed by Foxconn, Amazon's supplier, to meet targets during peak production periods.
Do Adidas use sweatshops? ›Adidas creates shoes, clothing, and accessories. Adidas is the second-largest sportswear manufacturer in the world after Nike. Adidas has been using sweatshop workers and child labor to make its products cheaply and grow into a multinational corporation.
Did Steve Jobs let his kids use iPhone? ›Steve Jobs thought it was not a good idea, so he did not let his children use iPads and iPhones, generally technology. In 2010, a New York Times reporter had a conversation that revealed a lot about the life of the founder of Apple.
Is chocolate still made with child labor? ›You shouldn't have to worry that the chocolate you eat might contain cocoa cultivated or harvested by a child. Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, together, produce nearly 60% of the world's cocoa each year, but the latest estimates found that 1.56 million children are engaged in child labor on cocoa farms in these two countries.
Does Hollister use child labor? ›Hollister, an Abercrombie & Fitch Co. subsidiary, must pay $2,750 in penalties for 51 violations for employing minors without work permits. The Hollister store at the Solomon Pond Mall in Marlboro was responsible for 34 of the violations.
Did Nestlé get sued for child slavery? ›June 28 (Reuters) - A federal judge in Washington, D.C. on Tuesday dismissed a lawsuit by eight citizens of Mali who sought to hold Hershey Co (HSY. N), Nestle SA (NESN.
What are 4 types of labor? ›What are the four types of labor in economics? The four types of labor in economics are skilled, unskilled, semi-skilled, and professional. Together, these four types of labor make up the active labor force.
What are the four types of labor examples? ›The four major types of labor are professional, semi-skilled, skilled, and unskilled labor.
What is an example of unskilled labor? ›Unskilled labor refers to work that doesn't require a certain set of skills or formal education. Some examples of unskilled labor include cashiers, grocery clerks and cleaners.
What is an example of child labor? ›For example, Children in armed conflict are forced to fight or to work as cooks, porters and messengers. These children are abused and exploited, often being forced to kill or maim other human beings. The sexual exploitation of children (prostitution, pornography and pornographic performances):
Where is child labor most common? ›
Sub-Saharan Africa has 86.6 million child laborers, more than anywhere else. Family poverty and ill-equipped schools are two major reasons children in low-income countries are in the labor force.
What are the worst forms of forced labor? ›"Any work that exposes children to sexual abuse (physically or psychologically). Any work that is done underground, under water, at dangerous heights or in confined spaces. Any work that is done with dangerous machinery, equipment and tools. Any work that involves the manual handling or transport of heavy loads.
Is Ben and Jerry's using child labor? ›"Unilever and Ben & Jerry's have found no evidence that any of our US dairy suppliers, including in Vermont, has or is using migrant child labour in violation of any federal or state law related to child labour or our policies," Jope wrote.
Which companies use forced labor? ›Brands listed by the report include: Apple, ASUS, Victoria's Secret, Vivo, Puma, Jack & Jones, Sharp, Siemens, Volkswagen, Sony, Polo Ralph Lauren, GAP, Amazon, Abercrombie & Fitch, BMW, Huawei, Nike, Sketchers and more.
Does the US still use child labor? ›Child labor is back. The Labor Department's wage and hour division recorded a 37 percent increase in 2022 in the number of minors employed in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, which outlawed most child labor way back in 1938 and imposed strict limits on the rest.
Does H&M use child labor? ›Fast-fashion retailer H&M had apparel produced in Myanmar factories where children as young as 14 worked more than 12 hours a day, according to a new book, “Fashion Slaves,” being published in Sweden next week.
Is there child labor in the coffee industry? ›About 20% of children in coffee-growing countries fall victim to labor exploitation in coffee cultivation. Facing demanding quotas, workers often bring their children to help in the field in order to earn a living wage.
Does Nike use child Labour? ›In 1996, Life magazine ran a reportage on child labor that included a shocking photo of a 12-year-old Pakistani boy sewing a Nike football. Nike has strongly denied the claims in the past, suggesting the company has little control over sub-contracted factories.
Does Forever 21 use child labor? ›Forever 21 insists that all product suppliers ensure that their employees work in safe and healthy environments and that their legal rights are respected and protected. Forever 21 also shares the goal of eliminating child labor and forced labor.
Why child labor is wrong? ›Many implications follow child labor, but most importantly, it jeopardizes children's health. Children often work with dangerous machinery and are exposed to harmful chemicals. Also, they work long and strenuous hours with little or no regard for their education and mental health.
Does Alibaba use child labour? ›
"Child labor, and labor abuse in any way, shape or form, is a serious legal and ethical violation which Alibaba Group does not condone. Alibaba enforces strict rules and policies and requires all third-party sellers to abide by applicable law on our marketplaces, including 1688.com.
Who banned child labor? ›President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal sought to prevent extreme child labor, and almost all of the codes under the National Industrial Recovery Act significantly reduced child labor. The Public Contracts Act of 1936 required boys to be 16 and girls to be 18 to work in firms supplying goods under federal contract.
When was child labor most used? ›Although the widespread presence of laboring children may have surprised the chieftain at the turn of the 20th century, this sight was common in the United States at the time. From the Industrial Revolution through the 1930s was a period in which children worked in a wide variety of occupations.
Do kids work in Chinese factories? ›It's estimated that as many as 10 million children are working in China 's factories, contributing their part to keep China a low-cost manufacturing powerhouse. The employers of child laborers make as much as they can, for as little as they can, as if a life of a child is considered little at all.
Does Disney still use sweatshops? ›However, the most surprising fact is that while the Walt Disney Company sells products that are catered towards making children happy, the company actually uses sweatshops and child labor to produce their products in developing countries.
Does Apple use sweatshops? ›Although Apple isn't the only company that has gotten its hands dirty with sweatshop manufacturing and worker abuse, it's a sad reminder that many of Apple's “progressive” policies only go skin deep.
Does Gucci use sweatshops? ›They have thus, infamously, earned the term 'sweatshop'. One such instance is the violation that happened in one of the flagship stores of Gucci in Shenzhen, China. On Oct.
When did Bill Gates give his kids phones? ›In 2007, Gates, the former CEO of Microsoft, implemented a cap on screen time when his daughter started developing an unhealthy attachment to a video game. He also didn't let his kids get cell phones until they turned 14.
What is Bill Gates screen time? ›Gates said this to the press: “My kids get limited computer time.” Gates said he and then-his wife Melinda had “decided to set a limit of 45 minutes a day of total screen time for games and an hour a day on weekends, plus what time they need for homework.
When did Bill Gates let his kids have a phone? ›In a recent interview with the Mirror, the tech mogul said his children were not allowed to own their own cellphone until the age of 14. “We often set a time after which there is no screen time, and in their case that helps them get to sleep at a reasonable hour," he said.
Does Kitkat have child labor? ›
Did you know that was the case in the first place? KitKats—those snappy, chocolate-covered wafers—have been made with cocoa harvested by child laborers for years.
Is Dove chocolate ethical? ›Traditional, sustainable, ethical and brilliantly effective, we trust our farmers to work with our master craftsman Barry Glazier to bring us the uniquely rich flavors and floral aromas that make DOVE® Chocolate such a silky-smooth pleasure.
Does Twix use child labor? ›Yes, Twix are still made with child labor
For years, you've been hearing about how the big chocolate giants — Mars, Hershey, and Nestle — have been sourcing their chocolate from farms that rely on child labor. For years, they've been promising to rectify that. Have they? Not entirely.
No Child Labor – Use of child labor is prohibited (employees under the age of 16).
Is Shein still unethical? ›The working conditions in the factories that make SHEIN's apparel are also a cause for concern. In developing nations, where labour rules are frequently laxer and workers may receive extremely cheap wages, many of the factories are situated.
Does New Balance use sweatshops? ›The National Labor Committee and China Labor Watch said workers at the Hongyuan Shoe factory are forced to work up to seven days a week and are housed in primitive, crowded dorms. But New Balance responded emphatically that it does not now nor has it ever used the factory.
What companies are sued for child labor? ›A new lawsuit has been filed against chocolate companies Nestle, Cargill, Hershey, Olam, Mars, Mondelez and Barry Callebaut over allegations that they benefitted from cheap cocoa harvested by forced child labor. This is the latest action in a long legal battle for justice in U.S. courts.
Did Hershey's get sued? ›Hershey sued over “harmful” metals in chocolate.
What is the Hershey company scandal? ›They alleged Hershey's and Mars knowingly imported cocoa beans from the Ivory Coast, a country which uses child labor, even slave labor, and traffics in children.
What is an example of forced child labor? ›Slavery or similar practices. Child trafficking. Forced recruitment into armed conflict. Prostitution and pornography.
What companies use forced labor? ›
Brands listed by the report include: Apple, ASUS, Victoria's Secret, Vivo, Puma, Jack & Jones, Sharp, Siemens, Volkswagen, Sony, Polo Ralph Lauren, GAP, Amazon, Abercrombie & Fitch, BMW, Huawei, Nike, Sketchers and more.
Where is forced labor in the US? ›Most media coverage in the U.S. about human trafficking focuses on the sex trade, but other common forms of forced labor are found in hotels and hospitality services, agriculture, restaurants, manufacturing, custodial services, construction, health and elder care, and domestic service.
What is the main cause of forced labour? ›Poverty is one of the main causes of forced labour as well as a lack of labour in the agriculture sectors, decent employment opportunities and discrimination. It is often well concealed, and in some countries ingrained after years of exploitation.
What is child or forced Labour? ›Forced labour refers to any work or service performed against a person's will under the threat of punishment. Child labour is defined as work that is mentally, physically, socially and/or morally dangerous or harmful for children under the age of 18, and that interferes with their schooling.
What are examples of forced Labour in human trafficking? ›It refers to situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of violence or intimidation, or by more subtle means such as manipulated debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to immigration authorities.
Is there still child labor in the US? ›Dreier estimates that some 250,000 children have crossed into the U.S. without their parents in the last two years, and that the majority of them wind up working full-time jobs. "These are jobs working for household brands like Cheerios, Cheetos, Ford," she says.
Does Nintendo use forced labor? ›Nintendo requires our production partners Page 4 4 to adhere to our policies and guidelines prohibiting slave labor, forced labor, child labor, prison labor, and human trafficking in sourcing, manufacturing and labor practices.
Does Amazon have forced labor? ›We do not tolerate the use of child labor, forced labor, or human trafficking in any form—including slave labor, prison labor, indentured servitude, or bonded labor—in our operations or value chain.
Does Amazon use forced labour? ›The company's supplier list includes firms accused of using Uyghur laborers. Amazon has continued to work with companies in China accused of using forced labor despite public warnings about their work practices, according to a report published Monday by a nonprofit watchdog group.
What is an example of child slavery? ›Children abused in prostitution, pornography, or other forms of sexual exploitation. Children forced into begging, petty crime or the drug trade. Forced labour exploitation in the private economy, for example in agriculture, factories, construction, brick kilns, mines, bars, the tourist industry or in private homes.
What are 6 types of human trafficking? ›
- child sex trafficking. statistics. Child sex trafficking has been reported in all 50 U.S. States. ( ...
- online exploitation (online enticement) STATISTICS. ...
- online exploitation (child sexual abuse material) STATISTICS. ...
- forced marriage. STATISTICS. ...
- Forced labor. STATISTICS. ...
- adult sex trafficking. STATISTICS.
Foreign-born men. In terms of labor force participation, the foreign-born immigrant men from Mexico and Central America are the largest number of participants in the labor force.
How did forced labor impact the economy? ›The negative impacts of forced labour on a country's economy are manifold: lack of investment in human capital, lower state revenues, productivity costs, and depletion of natural resources. To communities and society as a whole, forced labour is a drag on devel- opment.
What is forced labour called? ›Forced labour, contemporary forms of slavery, debt bondage and human trafficking are closely related terms though not identical in a legal sense. Most situations of slavery or human trafficking are however covered by ILO's definition of forced labour.
Is forced labour the same as slavery? ›Slavery is when someone actually owns you like a piece of property. Servitude is similar to slavery - you might live on the person's premises, work for them and be unable to leave, but they don't own you. Forced labour means you are forced to do work that you have not agreed to, under the threat of punishment.